A. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP谁帮忙用英文解释下这几个金融资格职业证书,(不要解释是什么的缩写)
CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:
Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.
Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.
The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.
The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).
Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.
Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]
A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:
IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.
The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.
Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.
The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.
FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime
[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:
efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm’ senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms’ business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.
[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.
Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.
HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.
The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]
Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.
Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.
PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam
B. 理财是什么意思
投资指的是特定经济主体为了在未来可预见的时期内获得收益或是资内金增值，在一定容时期内向一定领域的标的物投放足够数额的资金或实物的货币等价物的经济行为。合伙，就是两人或者两人以上的群体，发挥各自优势，一同去做一些可以给其带来经济利益的事情。投资可分为实物投资、资本投资和证券投资。前者是以货币投入企业，通过生产经营活动取得一定利润。后者是以货币购买企业发行的股票和公司债券，间接参与企业的利润分配。合伙， 是指自然人、法人和其他组织依照《中华人民共和国合伙企业法》在中国境内设立的,由两个或两个以上的合伙人订立合伙协议，为经营共同事业，共同出资、合伙经营、共享收益、共担分险的营利性组织.其包括普通合伙企业和有限合伙企业。简单来说，投资只是出钱，不参与公司的管理，从中获利，而合伙是共同出资，合伙经营，分享利益。
C. 如何理财成为理财专家
先做一个理财规划：理财规划，也称个人财务策划，是指运用科学公正的财务分析程序对个人财务计划、投资策略等进行合理的规划与管理，以实现其长期理财和生活目标的专业个人理财服务。要明白理财的三个目的 1、避险：通货膨胀的风险、失业的风险、疾病与意外伤害的风险、不可变风险与可变风险； 2、获利：满足家庭成员各层次的需求，如养老、子女入学、生活品质提升等； 3、增值：客户的资产通过理财规划，通过复利的形式，不断创造新的价值，克服通货膨胀对资产的侵蚀，创造比储蓄优厚得多的收益。 理财的目的是达成人生的战略目标 个人理财就是通过制定财务计划对个人财务资源的适当管理，并通过不断调整计划实现人生目标，以达到财务自由和财务尊严的最高境界。但如今理财手段多种多样，理财创新工具层出不穷，而不同生命阶段的人对金融工具的需求又各不相同，从现金流管理到保险规划，从投资规划到税收筹划，从退休规划到不动产规划，理财规划变得日益复杂，专业性极强。
一 抵御通涨 二 储蓄子女教育 三 储蓄养老经费 养儿防老，是中国人几千年认同的朴素真理。时至今日之中国，至少农村仍未摆脱这种局面。多数情况下，人们只能通过“养儿防老”这条不归路。显而易见，养儿防老是一种典型的私力救济的方式，主要还是靠道德伦理来维系，虽然现在的法律方面有儿女赡养老人的义务，但实施起来却不是那么的容易，而且又受制于子女的健康、收入等因素，因此有很大的不确定性。 值得一提的是，特别在目前的“421”型的社会家庭结构中，从以前的多养少变成少养多局面，孩子的压力显然已非自己能力所能承担的！ 其次，最不能控制的其他因素如孩子失业、能力大小等，都会导致养老靠儿子的目标处于一个极为不可控的位置，让自己的优质年老生活成为空中楼阁，太可怕了！ 因此，对于养老这样的刚性需求，与其依靠“养儿防老”这样一个并不靠谱的来源，还不如积极调整好自己的理财规划，提前做好自己养老的规划，这才是上上之策！ 四 应对风险 以防万一 大部分人谈到理财的时候，都说要通过理财来为他的钱保值增值，理财确实是这样的功能，但这只是表面效果，真正的价值却不止这些。
保障生活避风险
我们面对的是一个瞬间万变的世界，风险无处不在，时刻都有可能遭遇意外事件，但如果事先早做安排，就可以将意外事件带来的经济损失降到最低程度，从而达到规避风险的目的。
个人所面对的风险主要有两类：一类是微观风险，例如事业、疾病伤残、意外死亡等；另一类是宏观风险，例如通货膨胀、金融风暴、政治动荡等。任何风险的发生都会给个人的财务安全乃至日常生活带为巨大的冲击，科学的理财安排，可以事先采取有针对性的防范措施，当风险来临时，就不会惊慌失措。 走出理财的误区 误区一 理财是有钱人的事。错。工薪家庭更需要理财，与有钱人相比，他们面临更大的教育、养老、医疗、购房等现实压力，更需要理财增长财富。 误区二 有了理财就不用保险。错。 保险的主要功能是保障，对于家庭而言，没有保险的理财规划是无本之木。 误区三 投资操作“短、平、快”。错。 不要以为短线频繁操作一定挣钱多。 误区四 盲目跟风，冲动购买。错。在最热门的时候进入，往往是最高价的投资，要理性投资，独立思考，货比三家。 误区五 过度集中投资和过度分散投资。错。前者无法分散风险，后者使投资追踪困难，无法提高投资效率。误区六，敢输不敢赢。一涨就卖，越跌越不卖。错。 用于理财的可投资品种主要包括两类，金融类的投资品种主要有：储蓄、证券、基金、保险、期货、黄金、信托。非金融类的投资品种主要有：房地产、实业投资、拍卖、典当、收藏等。不同阶段理财要点 专家将人生分为理财五阶段： 单身期 2—5年，参加工作至结婚，收入较低花销大，这时期的理财重点不在获利而在积累经验。理财建议：60%风险大、长期回报较高的股票、股票型基金或外汇、期货等金融品种，30%定期储蓄、债券或债券型基金等较安全的投资工具，10%活期储蓄以备不时之需； 家庭形成期 1—5年，结婚生子，经济收入增加生活稳定，重点合理安排家庭建设支出。理财建议：50%股票或成长型基金，35%债券、保险，15%活期储蓄，保险可选缴费少的定期险、意外险、健康险； 子女教育期 20年，孩子教育、生活费用猛增。理财建议：40%股票或成长型基金，但需更多规避风险，40%存款或国债用于教育费用，10%保险，10%家庭紧急备用金； 家庭成熟期 15年，子女工作至本人退休，人生、收入高峰期，适合积累，重点可扩大投资。理财建议：50%股票或股票类基金，40%定期储蓄、债券及保险，10%家庭紧急备用金。接近退休时用于风险投资的比例应减少，保险偏重养老、健康、重大疾病险，制订合适的养老计划； 退休期投资和消费都较保守，理财原则身体健康第一、财富第二，主要以稳健、安全、保值为目的。理财建议：10%股票或股票类基金，50%定期储蓄、债券，40%活期储蓄，资产较多者可合法避税将资产转移至下一代。
4321定律：家庭资产合理配置比例是家庭收入的40%用于供房及其他方面投资，30%用于家庭生活开支，20%用于银行存款以备应急之需，10%用于保险。 72定律：不拿回利息利滚利存款，本金增值一倍所需要的时间等于72除以年收益率。比如，如果在银行存10万元，年利率是2%，每年利滚利，多少年能变20万元？答案是36年。 80定律：股票占总资产的合理比重等于80减去年龄的得数添上一个百分号(%)。比如，30岁时股票可占总资产50%，50岁时则占30%为宜。 家庭保险双十定律：家庭保险设定的恰当额度应为家庭年收入的10倍，保费支出的恰当比重应为家庭年收入的10%。 房贷三一定律：每月房贷金额以不超过家庭当月总收入三分之一为宜。
积累财富出效益
理财还有投资增值的功能，很多人为了回避风险，会把所有的积蓄放在银行，这样虽然可以保证本金的安全，却是以牺牲回报率为代价的，不利于个人生活水平的提高。
另一些对风险态度比较积极的人，可能只考虑高回报而忽视潜在的风险，通过理财，我们可以采取正确的投资态度和方法，在每一个时期，使自己手中的金钱在风险可承受的范围内产生最大的效益，更快地积蓄到实现各种目标的资金，并在需要资金的时候可以有充足的现金用于生活的需要。