㈠ 现有国际经济治理机制存在哪些问题
一是现有世界经济治理机制存在严重缺失。经济全球化和新科技革命使世界日益成为各国经济相互依赖的“地球村”。然而，这个“地球村”却没能形成有效的经济治理机制，尤其是在世界性重大问题上，如维护世界和平，建立有序的国际金融、货币、贸易秩序，改善生态环境并减少全球温室气体排放，维护全球社会公平正义、扩大公众参与，全球反恐、反毒品及其他犯罪等，都缺少合理有效的治理机制。现有的国际秩序和多边国际组织都难以适应当前网络社会、开放世界、多元文化、跨境交流的发展需要。
二是国际金融、货币、贸易体系陷入严重无序。首先，国际金融体系缺少有效监管和对冲机制。美国华尔街取得了动员和配置全球金融资源的中心地位，却不受多边机制的制衡和监管，必然引发全球金融系统性风险和金融危机。其次，国际货币体系难以有效“约束”美元。1976年牙买加协议签定以来，美元成为浮动汇率制下的纸币信用“锚”。然而，当美元从布雷顿森林体系1盎司黄金兑35美元贬值到兑1400美元左右时，当金融市场一体化释放出更大的美元波动风险时，当国际货币基金组织改革和特别提款权功能处于长期停滞状态时，国际社会既无法建立“美元纪律”，也无法实施有效监管。再次，进一步推进世界多边贸易自由化举步维艰。这一轮多边贸易开放谈判（即多哈回合）被国际社会称为“发展回合”，人们期望通过本回合谈判，最终可以进一步推进贸易和投资自由化、便利化，进一步开放全球贸易和投资，改善全球共同利益和经济福利，并造福于发展中国家和切实帮助全球穷人。然而，事实说明，要让主要发达国家在国际金融危机后为了世界各国的共同利益尤其是发展中国家的利益而让渡自己的部分经济权利和利益非常困难。
三是现有世界经济治理机制难以解决全球经济失衡问题。现有世界经济治理机制过度强调世界范围内的经济自由化和便利化，有意无意地忽视了“经济发展”这个经济全球化最重要的主题，从而造成全球公共产品供给严重不足、贫富差距持续扩大和穷国消费力严重萎缩等突出问题。对于一些涉及经济发展的全球性重大议题，如发展援助、节能环保领域的技术转让、减少贫困等，特别是涉及全球经济失衡的调整代价担当分配时，主要发达经济体采取各种方式推卸自己的责任，对外转嫁危机风险，不愿承担国际宏观经济政策协调的调整代价，在积极推动自由化进程中基本上不考虑弱势经济体及弱势人群的利益和扶助问题。
㈡ 止前世界上的国际金融监管组织有哪些
我知道的：来BIS（Bank for International Settlements 国际清自算银行） BCBS（Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 巴塞尔银行监管委员会）
㈢ 国际金融治理体系包括哪些金融机构
搭建跨国金融监管的沟通平台是全球多边协调合作的重要方面，需在回各国之间以及具体负责金融监管的答各个国际组织，如国际清算银行、巴塞尔银行监管委员会等机构之间搭建平台，统一监管理念，防范系统性风险的爆发。
A、世界银行
B、国际货币基金组织
C、亚洲基础设施投资银行
D、丝路基金
E、中非发展基金
以上5类金融机构均属于金融治理体系范围内。
㈣ 金融监管国际协调与合作的机制主要包括哪些内容
金融监管国际协调与合作的机制主要包括信息交换、政策的相互融合、危机管理、确定合作的中介目标及联合。
㈤ 国际金融监管改革呈现五大趋势是什么
金融危机以来，国际金融监管改革主要任务是修复引发危机的“断层线”，增强全球金融体系的安全稳健性，更好地满足实体经济金融需求。金融稳定体系包括：良好的宏观经济环境、稳健经营的金融机构、有深度广度的金融市场、有效的金融安全网及完善的金融基础设施。加强金融监管有三个层面：一是微观审慎层面，主要是增强单个银行机构的稳健性，具体包括资本充足性、流动性、杠杆率、大额风险集中度、公司治理、风险文化等方面。二是宏观审慎层面，主要是防止系统性风险传导、缓解顺周期问题，包括解决“大而不倒”、化解影子银行风险和加强逆周期资本补充。三是加强金融基础设施建设方面，主要是完善会计、审计、外部评级、危机处置、OTC、中央交易对手、基准利率等。
国际金融监管改革呈现五个趋势。第一，以巴塞尔协议Ⅲ资本监管为核心，覆盖各类风险，对模型计量的态度更加谨慎，引入简单的杠杆率作为兜底。第二，识别全球系统重要性银行（G-SIBs），提高监管强度，制定恢复和处置计划。第三，从关注银行到关注非银行，包括全球系统重要性保险公司（G-SII）、全球系统重要性非银行非保险金融公司（G-NBNI）和影子银行。影子银行包括5种经济功能：基金、信托等集合类投资，财务公司、租赁、保理等批发融资发放贷款，券商、货币经纪等融资融券，融资性担保、信用保证等信用担保，SIV、ABCP等资产证券化实体功能。第四，强调标准实施的国际一致性，标准要有统一的适用范围、统一的时间表，评估要同步实施、规则一致、实施一致。第五，寻求多元目标，平衡简单性，提高可比性和风险敏感性。
建议我国金融监管要时刻把握风险的动态变化，指导机构建立良好的风险文化、合理的公司治理架构工具和适当的激励。要提高宏观视野，注重监管措施的先后顺序和内在逻辑一致性。关注政策的叠加效应，境外加强监管协调，境内加强金融监管与货币政策、财政政策、产业政策等其他宏观政策的配合，整体提高宏观经济稳定性。在加强监管规则建设的同时，提高有效监管能力，避免因规则过于复杂而诱发监管套利行为、加重监管负担。重视传统监管手段的作用，通过有效监管施压于银行董事会和高管层。应进一步发挥信息披露和市场约束作用。
㈥ 从 巴塞尔协议 到 巴塞尔新资本协议 说明在国际金融监管中发生了哪些变化
一共有三个巴塞尔资本协议的版本。
Basel-1 ：1988年公布，核心内容是银行最低资版本权本标准为资本充足率达到8%以上。
Basel-2：2004年公布，核心内容是提出了银行业监管的三大支柱，即最大资本要求，监管部门的监管和市场纪律。同时，鼓励银行采用自己建立的内部评级法，来逐笔计量各类资产的风险，并相应到资本充足率上去，以此增强监管指标的风险敏感性。
Basel-3：2010年底确认，核心内容是增加对银行的最低资本要求，优化监管资本的结构和质量，增加对流动性风险的监管，对表外风险的加强监控。总体看，basel-3总结了金融危机的教训，更加重视对系统性风险的监管和防范。
㈦ 国际金融监管体制模式主要有哪些
我国的金融监管模式是：人民银行即中国的央行为中国的政策性银行，主专要负属责宏观金融政策法规、货币流通和货币的流通量；银监会主要负责对商业银行的监管；证监会主要负责对证券市场及相关参与者的监管；保监会主要负责对保险市场及其参与者的监管；国家外汇管理局主要负债对中国的外汇储备及外汇市场管理和监管。
㈧ 全球知名金融监管机构有哪些
美国 ：商品制与期货交易委员会 （CFTC）、美国证券交易委员会（SEC）
英国 ：金融行为管理局（FCA，原金融服务管理局）
塞浦路斯 ：塞浦路斯证券交易委员会（简称CySEC）
马耳他 ：马耳他金融服务局（MFSA）
日本 ：日本金融期货协会（FFAJ） 、日本金融厅（FSA）
澳大利亚 ：澳大利亚证券和投资委员会（ASIC）
瑞士：瑞士金融市场管理局（FINMA）
德国：德国联邦金融监管局（BaFin）
新加坡：新加坡金融监管局（MAS）
香港：香港证券及期货事务监察委员会（SFC）
㈨ 世界上有哪些金融监管机构是有权威性的
美国 ：商品与来期货交易委员会 （自CFTC）、美国证券交易委员会（SEC）
英国 ：金融行为管理局（FCA，原金融服务管理局）
塞浦路斯 ：塞浦路斯证券交易委员会（简称CySEC）
马耳他 ：马耳他金融服务局（MFSA）
日本 ：日本金融期货协会（FFAJ） 、日本金融厅（FSA）
澳大利亚 ：澳大利亚证券和投资委员会（ASIC）
瑞士：瑞士金融市场管理局（FINMA）
德国：德国联邦金融监管局（BaFin）
新加坡：新加坡金融监管局（MAS）
香港：香港证券及期货事务监察委员会（SFC）
㈩ 急求经济类外文文章，题目是关于国际金融监管发展趋势
China has joined the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the continuous influx, is bound to China's financial regulatory bodies brought regulatory problems. This paper through the analysis of the international financial regulatory system in the organizational structure, legal system, supervision, self-discipline and supervision of international mechanisms, such as the development trend of China on the basis of financial supervision should be improved following areas: the establishment of an effective financial supervision organizations System, establish and improve financial supervision and legal system, improve China's financial supervision and management, establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism, strengthening financial supervision and international cooperation and exchanges.
Financial regulators around the world are facing the common task. Western countries in the long-term monitoring practice, accumulated a lot of useful experience and technology. Comparing countries in the world financial supervision and the different characteristics and trend of development, will help us explore suitable for China's national conditions of the road to financial supervision.
First, the international development trend of financial supervision
(A) the financial regulatory system to the organizational structure of the mixed system of supervision or monitoring of the instry completely mixed mode transition
States system of financial supervision and different organizational structure. Britain's David T Professor Lu Ailin in 1997 to 73 countries in financial supervision and structure study found that 13 countries a single body mixed supervision, 35 state banking, securities, insurance separate supervision , 25 countries of the mixed instry regulation, the latter including the unified supervision of the banking securities and insurance separate supervision (7); unified supervision of the banking insurance, securities regulation alone (13) and the Securities unified insurance regulation, banking supervision alone (three ) Three kinds of forms, and the impact of the financial operation mode, the designated professional regulatory body that is completely separate supervision on the number of countries in showing a decreasing trend, the national financial supervision organizations being part of mixed supervision or completely mixed supervision The mode of transition.
(B) financial supervision and showing a convergence of the rule of law, international development trends
The convergence of financial supervision and the rule of law is that all countries in the monitoring system and the specific mode of interaction, and mutual coordination of the increasingly close. As the economic, social cultural and traditional differences in the legal system, financial supervision and the rule of law in the formation of a certain style in the world have a greater impact on the two categories: First, the British model, known to non-institutionalized, Canada, Australia, New Zealand is an Such. The second is the American model, to standardize the world-famous, strict supervision, Japan, the European continent and more countries are such. Historically, the United Kingdom's financial sector supervision mainly taken the form of instry self-regulation, supervision of the Bank of England in the discharge of their ties formation of the informal style of supervision, not to strict laws and regulations as the basis, but often through moral persuasion, such as gentlemen's agreement to Achieve their goals while the United States is a legal system in the country said, the financial regulatory system as a model for regulating the management, supervision of numerous laws and regulations, the United States for the development of the financial instry to create a standardized and orderly, fair and competitive market environment. Since the 1970s, has two modes of mutual integration of the trend, the United Kingdom continued to the rule of law, law on construction while the United States to move closer to the British model, the deregulation of the enhanced regulatory flexibility.
With the deepening of the international financial, to financial institutions and business activities across national boundaries limitations, in this context, objectively speaking, countries will need the unique regulations and practices into a unified international framework, financial supervision and the rule of law Graal internationalization. Bilateral agreements, regional integration within the framework of monitoring the legal system, particularly the Basel Committee adopted a series of agreements, principles, standards and other countries in the world in the promotion and application of all countries in the world financial regulation will change impact on the legal system.
(C) financial supervision and pay more attention to risk control and supervision of the business innovation
From the regulatory content, the regulatory authorities of the countries in the world has achieved two key regulatory changes: First, pay attention to the regulatory compliance of regulatory compliance and risk control of both changes. Has been past the regulatory authorities will focus on monitoring compliance with regard that as long as the market properly formulate the rules of the game, and to ensure compliance with the implementation of market participants, will be able to achieve regulatory objectives. However, with the banking sector innovation and change, compliance and regulatory shortcomings constantly exposed, it is less sensitive market, banks can not reflect the risk, the corresponding regulatory measures also lag behind the development of the market. In view of this, international organizations and banking supervision in some countries regulatory authorities have launched a series of risk-based supervision of the prudent rules, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the "core principles of effective banking supervision", "interest rate risk management principles" , To achieve the regulatory compliance of the regulatory supervision and risk control of both changes. Second, focus on traditional banking regulation and innovation to the traditional business operations both regulatory changes. With the continuous development of financial markets, financial innovations emerging procts, such as financial derivatives trading, online banking transactions and other business innovations, increase their income but also increases the risk, and more proliferation, the impact on the financial markets are more directly And fierce. Therefore, only focus on traditional banking supervision has been unable to fully and objectively reflect the situation of the risk of the banking sector, only "two-pronged", monitoring both traditional and innovative business operations and effectively guard against and defuse the banking instry's overall risk.
(D) increasing emphasis on financial supervision and financial institutions in internal control systems and instry self-regulatory mechanism to the internal controls of financial institutions to implement effective financial supervision is the prerequisite and basis. The world's financial regulatory practice shows that external financial supervision and a powerful force in any case, the degree of supervision and meticulous and careful in any case, if there is no financial institution's internal controls are compatible and work a half times the matter, the financial effect of regulation greatly reced. The management of foreign banks operating in the strong sense of internal control, as this is very important management ideas, throughout the operation and management system work. Foreign commercial banks to set up an independent specialized in general in other sectors, only to the highest authority responsible for the bank's internal audit institutions, and establish a sound internal control system. In recent years, because of Barings Bank, Daiwa Bank and Sumitomo Corporation and a series of serious incidents and internal control mechanism on all the deficiencies or ineffective implementation of a direct relationship between the international financial groups and financial institutions in shock aside, have started re - Review and examine their own internal situation, so as not to repeat the mistakes of others, the regulatory authorities in many countries and a number of important international organizations have begun to monitor the bank's internal control problems to give unprecedented attention.
Financial institutions with instry self-regulatory mechanism as the financial instry enhance security one of the important means by universal attention. To countries on behalf of the European continent, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands Institute of Bankers in countries such as credit agencies and some professional organizations in the instry to varying degrees, played a supervisory role. Despite the financial instry associations in various countries in the monitoring system status varied, but all countries in comparison to its financial regulatory system in the role.
(5) to the international financial supervision and direction of development
With the internationalization of financial deepening and development of countries the link between financial markets and dependence have been strengthened, and all kinds of risks in the transfer between countries, the spread is inevitable, such as the July 1997 outbreak of the crisis in Southeast Asia To spread to many countries, so that the entire world economy have been a strong shock. Internationalization of the financial demands of the international financial regulation itself, if countries in different regulatory measures on the elastic, will not only weaken the effect of national regulatory measures, but it will also lead to large-scale international speculative funds transfer, the impact of international financial stability. Therefore, the Western countries committed to the joint supervision of international banks, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, adopted by the "Basel Agreement" unity of the international definition of bank capital and capital standard rate. Various international monitoring organizations have also established and maintained cooperation and exchanges. Another manifestation of the international, national to transnational banking supervision more unified and standardized.
Second, the international financial supervision to the development trend of China's Inspiration
(A) the establishment of an effective system of financial supervision organizations
In 1998 China's financial regulatory system, formation of the People's Bank of China, the SFC, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission were monitoring banking, securities and insurance sub-sector supervision and management system, such a system adapted to the sub-instry of China's financial operation Institutional structures. But with the development of China's financial instry, the business model to meet the needs of graally revealed, the outstanding performance of the banking assets of the project is too concentrated, broker financing channels for poor, low efficiency of insurance capital investment. Then graally relax control management, such as allowing brokers to enter the inter-bank lending market and allow insurance funds to purchase investment funds entering the stock market and to allow the broker stock collateral loans, showing a trend of mixed operations. At the same time, some financial institutions began to follow foreign counterparts, the way to controlling the expansion of the scope of its business, such as the China Everbright Group and the CITIC Group-banking, securities and insurance business in one, a structure in line with international trends of the financial group's prototype. On the other hand, China's accession to the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the massive influx of foreign financial trend is bound to the operation mode of China's financial instry shocks and challenges. Therefore, we should learn from advanced foreign experience to China's financial supervision and organizational structure appropriate reforms to adapt to the changed economic and financial situation.
More developed countries, the regulatory approach, we believe that we can draw the United States consolidated supervision and regulation of the instry with the model, the establishment of the Authority as the country's financial supervisory authority, through the financial holding company to achieve the monitoring of the banking, securities and insurance business Comprehensive supervision, the professional regulatory bodies are still responsible for the supervision of their respective areas. National Financial Authority's main task is to address the financial regulatory vacuum to take timely measures, the financial regulatory bodies of the scope of responsibility of coordinating the various regulatory bodies conflicts of interest, and regulation of ownership, and so on.
This new organizational structure of financial supervision model can meet after the implementation of the operation mode of development of the financial instry's regulatory system requirements, but also to adapt to the business at this stage to the operation mode of the transition period regulatory requirements, it is an ideal Choice
(B) To establish and improve financial supervision and legal system
First of all, based on the domestic financial instry to the development of the status quo, the international financial regulatory changes and new trends in the world after foreign financial institutions merged the supervision of the needs of a timely job of waste regulations, reform, legislation work. Secondly, we must strengthen the financial regulation and law enforcement supervision, so that non-financial regulatory functions of financial regulation and law enforcement departments regulatory functions, such as legal departments, OIA sector.
(C) improve and perfect China's financial supervision, improve the efficiency of regulation
Will monitor compliance with the risk of the combination of monitoring, to check compliance of the premise, risk-based supervision, they both set up bank credit rating system, compliance and risk rating, to strengthen its banking Risk management and the identification and management, enhance self-binding, while the central bank for banks operating accurately grasp the situation and in accordance with the different levels of supervision of banks to adopt different measures to strengthen the supervision of the banking business innovations, such as Internet banking should be formally included in the financial The management of the establishment of specialized banking network access system, developed network security standards, the establishment of security authentication system. Should pay attention to strengthen the regulation can not stifle financial innovation and obstacles; use of modern technology on the implementation of financial operation dynamic, real-time, continuous risk monitoring, in order to promptly resolve regulatory risks increase efficiency.
(D) establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism
1, China's financial institutions improve the internal control system. Basically, China's financial institutions have formulated a set of internal control systems, but with the degree of China's financial markets continue to improve, we must further improve and perfect the internal control mechanism. First, a reasonable set of internal control agencies. To China's commercial banks as an example, although more common to set up an internal audit body, but most of all branches under the jurisdiction of lack of independence and authority, should learn from foreign experience, the establishment of the supreme body responsible for the OIA, to To ensure the highest concern about the practice of managers to any problems. Only in this way can we make the highest authority within the regulatory status of clear. Second, the establishment of financial institutions, the internal control audit and evaluation system. China's financial institutions in the self-restraint weak, not strong sense of internal control and supervision over-reliance on external circumstances, the establishment of internal audit and evaluation system is very important. Third, the adequacy of internal control to improve facilities, the establishment of efficient financial management information system. The use of modern computer tools, and information collection, processing, transmission, automation, and the sharing of information resources. Through the establishment of the database, the model, the way to achieve rapid, accurate and reasonable projections and analysis, providing internal control sources of information and the final decision-making support. Fourth, revise and improve the internal control system. Internal control system is the establishment and improvement of a dynamic process, all financial institutions must be timely in accordance with its business development and environmental change constantly revise and improve the internal control system to adapt to its dynamic business development and innovation of financial risk control needs.
2, the establishment of financial instry self-regulatory mechanism. From countries in the world financial system with instry self-regulation of the practice of the construction, trade associations or associations is to meet the financial instry trade protectionism and trade coordination and supervision of the needs of instry spontaneously formed and developed, from the development of China's financial instry analysis of the status quo, there is the financial instry And the rapid development of the financial regulatory authorities in monitoring the relative shortage of contradictions, there is an urgent need to establish the financial supervisory authorities to monitor from the Association Shiyibuque role of the financial system, the creation of a preserve with the instry and orderly competition and guard against financial risks, protect the interests of the members of the instry sectors Self-regulatory mechanism. Recommendations in the financial regulatory authorities to encourage and guide public opinion and the initiative of the spontaneous, on a voluntary basis, the establishment of financial instry trade associations, according to the different types of financial institutions, the establishment of various different parts of the financial trade associations, and on the basis of this form National Association of the financial liaison mechanism, given the financial instry trade associations have protection instry, instry coordination, trade regulation, trade cooperation and exchanges, and other functions.