Ⅰ 简述金融市场的发展趋势
金融市场国际化是金融业务的发展趋势之一。金融市场发展超越国界的限制,与世界金融日益融合,逐渐趋向全球一体化。20世纪70年代以来,金融市场国际化的趋势日益明显和加速。主要表现在:
①金融机构跨国化。不仅发达国家在世界金融中心设立了大批的跨国银行,而且发展中国家也在境外设立了一批离岸金融中心和金融机构。
②金融资产经营国际化。欧洲货币市场、欧洲债券市场和全球性股票市场的建立,使人们可在离岸市场上经营世界任何一国的货币金融资产。
③货币国际化。黄金作为世界货币的职能已经蜕化,人们可以通过国际汇兑来转移各国间的货币购买力。不仅美元、德国马克、英镑、日元可作为国际结算货币,而且还有大批中等发达国家甚至发展中国家的货币也逐渐成为可自由兑换的货币,朝着世界货币的方向发展。
从整体来看我对于未来金融市场都是保持乐观的态度,从未来五年看来金融市场的驱动力十足,制造业升级和相关的改革将持续获得产业发展和政策的支持,金融去杠杆与金融监管作用下,货币流动性基本维持中性偏紧基本格局,随着去产能、脱虚入实相关措施的见效,风险有望得到有效改善,消费升级、产业升级、互联网的加速发展区域协同发展等结构性力量在活跃发力,金融内生结构也在发生积极变化。
Ⅱ 国际金融监管改革呈现五大趋势是什么
金融危机以来,国际金融监管改革主要任务是修复引发危机的“断层线”,增强全球金融体系的安全稳健性,更好地满足实体经济金融需求。金融稳定体系包括:良好的宏观经济环境、稳健经营的金融机构、有深度广度的金融市场、有效的金融安全网及完善的金融基础设施。加强金融监管有三个层面:一是微观审慎层面,主要是增强单个银行机构的稳健性,具体包括资本充足性、流动性、杠杆率、大额风险集中度、公司治理、风险文化等方面。二是宏观审慎层面,主要是防止系统性风险传导、缓解顺周期问题,包括解决“大而不倒”、化解影子银行风险和加强逆周期资本补充。三是加强金融基础设施建设方面,主要是完善会计、审计、外部评级、危机处置、OTC、中央交易对手、基准利率等。
国际金融监管改革呈现五个趋势。第一,以巴塞尔协议Ⅲ资本监管为核心,覆盖各类风险,对模型计量的态度更加谨慎,引入简单的杠杆率作为兜底。第二,识别全球系统重要性银行(G-SIBs),提高监管强度,制定恢复和处置计划。第三,从关注银行到关注非银行,包括全球系统重要性保险公司(G-SII)、全球系统重要性非银行非保险金融公司(G-NBNI)和影子银行。影子银行包括5种经济功能:基金、信托等集合类投资,财务公司、租赁、保理等批发融资发放贷款,券商、货币经纪等融资融券,融资性担保、信用保证等信用担保,SIV、ABCP等资产证券化实体功能。第四,强调标准实施的国际一致性,标准要有统一的适用范围、统一的时间表,评估要同步实施、规则一致、实施一致。第五,寻求多元目标,平衡简单性,提高可比性和风险敏感性。
建议我国金融监管要时刻把握风险的动态变化,指导机构建立良好的风险文化、合理的公司治理架构工具和适当的激励。要提高宏观视野,注重监管措施的先后顺序和内在逻辑一致性。关注政策的叠加效应,境外加强监管协调,境内加强金融监管与货币政策、财政政策、产业政策等其他宏观政策的配合,整体提高宏观经济稳定性。在加强监管规则建设的同时,提高有效监管能力,避免因规则过于复杂而诱发监管套利行为、加重监管负担。重视传统监管手段的作用,通过有效监管施压于银行董事会和高管层。应进一步发挥信息披露和市场约束作用。
Ⅲ 国际上金融监管体制模式主要有哪些及优缺点
主要有三种类型:统一监管模式、分业监管模式以及双峰监管模式。采用分业经营分业监管的国家主要就有我国和法国;而同样是在分业经营的同时采取统一监管的有韩国;美国采用的则是综合经营分业监管;著名的金融帝国—英国采用的是统一监管的体制,采用同等模式的还有诸如日本、新加坡等资本主义国家。但是各种监管体制的融合趋势日益增强。
统一监管模式指由一个机构统一负责至少对银行、证券、保险三大主要金融领域的审慎监管和市场行为监管。统一监管主要是为了适应金融业务综合化的发展趋势而产生,也是全球金融监管体制的发展趋势。其利在于利于对整个金融体系的风险系数进行把握和控制,有利于规模效益,同时能够降低监管时不统一所产生的摩擦成本,减少了监管真空和重叠,对于在混业经营日益明显的当今,能够对整个金融集团进行风险评估,并作出有效的监管。不足之处则在于如果没有对监管目标进行清晰的界定,其监管效果反而会比分业监管更加低下,不能达到与其的一致性和监管效率;与此同时,集权统一的监管机制容易造成官僚主义,并进而产生道德风险。
分业监管模式指在机构监管的基础上,银行、证券、保险三大金融领域分别设立专门的监管机构,负责对领域内金融活动进行全面监管。其利在于有明确的监管分工,能够避免单一金融领域的风险而产生连锁的金融危机;各监管机构能够集中部门经历对领域内的市场活动进行监控,专业性强。但是,随着金融业的迅猛发展,其不足之处也日益凸显,监管交叉重叠;金融法律不统一,冲突严重,影响权威;监管效率由于协调机制的不完善而日益低下;监管的分散容易产生“真空”地带,金融高危性增加;主要是在混业经营趋势的当今,难以对金融集团的集体风险进行把握。我国是分业经营分业监管的代表国家。有些国家在回归综合经营后,依然实行分业监管。
双峰监管模式,指在功能监管的基础上,根据金融监管的两大主要职能,即审慎监管和市场行为监管进行监管,由此而产生两类监管机构,分别进行负责,这种监管模式的典型国家为澳大利亚。此种监管模式的利处在于能够较好的分别对金融机构的两个阶段的行为进行有效监控,能够保证在各自的监管领域内的监管目标一致,同时也避免了不同机构的存在同领域监管但是因为部门因素、体系因素而产生的监管交叉、真空。降低了监管机构之间的摩擦成本与协调难度;同时也形成了一定的制衡机制,避免道德风险的产生。但是同样也存在其天生不足的弊端,就是容易在两块监管领域之间产生“灰色区域”,没有能够因材施教、因地制宜,充分尊重不同金融机构之间的特色而进行监控。
Ⅳ 国际金融监管体制模式主要有哪些
我国的金融监管模式是:人民银行即中国的央行为中国的政策性银行,主专要负属责宏观金融政策法规、货币流通和货币的流通量;银监会主要负责对商业银行的监管;证监会主要负责对证券市场及相关参与者的监管;保监会主要负责对保险市场及其参与者的监管;国家外汇管理局主要负债对中国的外汇储备及外汇市场管理和监管。
Ⅳ 当前金融监管的发展趋势有哪些
一、我国金融监管的现状分析
银监会设立前,我国实行的是由中国人民银行、中国证监会、中国保监会分别对银行业、证券业和保险业进行监管的分业监管模式,而中国人民银行兼具监管银行和制定货币政策的双重任务。随着金融形势的发展,传统的金融机构性监管模式(中央银行监督银行业、证券监督管理部门监督证券业、保险监督管理部门监督保险业,彼此相互分离和独立)已经不能适应新的发展要求。以中央银行对银行业的监管为例。在新的金融格局背景下,中央银行监管银行业面临两难选择:一方面中央银行要负责货币政策的稳定,要密切关注商业银行的贷款规模与通货膨胀指数;另一方面,中央银行又要注意商业银行的证券交易风险,保证商业银行具有充足的流动性,防止商业银行陷入流动性危机。由于中央银行的主要职责在于制定适当的货币政策,以保证币值的稳定,因此客观上存在着中央银行只注意货币政策而忽视监管银行金融业务的可能,尤其是当货币政策与商业银行的流动性需求之间产生目标冲突时更是如此.
二、我国金融监管的发展趋势
(一)监管背景:金融混业经营的趋势及影响
众所周知,导致全球范围内金融混业经营趋势的原因是多方面的,如金融创新、金融全球化、信息技术现代化等等。其中,金融创新是根本,金融全球化提出了金融创新的迫切要求,而信息技术现代化则为金融创新提供了强有力的技术支持。金融创新的浪潮集中体现在2世纪七八十年代,当时为了打破资产价格方面的限制(如美国的“Q条例”)、金融机构地理设置限制(如美国禁止跨州设立分行的法规)、金融机构具体行为限制(如美国1933年的《格拉斯一斯蒂格尔法》)等,出现了许多逃避管制、防范风险、追求收益的金融产品创新和金融机构创新,这些创新涉及保险、证券和银行业,它们在丰富居民和机构投资渠道的同时,也对传统的金融体制造成了巨大的冲击。
在激烈的市场竞争面前,金融机构为了开展创新业务、谋取利润,纷纷想方设法绕过金融管制、拓展业务领域。
结合我国的具体国情,特别是从我国金融发展的现状来看,我国似乎逐渐出现了混业经营的现象。一方面,随着我国成功加入WTO,无论是金融产品的交易,还是金融组织、金融市场之间的合作与结合都将从广度和深度上日益加强。从业务合作到股权重组都将使我国金融与全球金融的联系更加紧密,即金融全球化对我国金融的影响日益深远。与此同时,随着我国金融与国外金融的联系日渐紧密,国内分业经营与全球混业的趋势、国外大型金融集团的合作使得监管的难度更加凸显。另一方面,从国内的情况来看,尽管金融混业还没有成为金融发展的主流,特别是还存在着一些金融混业法律上的障碍,但是,不同金融部门间的业务合作和交叉、金融集团的发展等已经初露端倪。例如,中信集团、光大集团,以及中国建设银行控股中金公司、中国银行组建中银国际等;而银证合作、银行与基金的合作等这些不同金融机构在业务方面的相互结合更是势不可挡。这既是金融机构本身发展的需要,’也是金融满足经济发展需求的必然。
(二)监管要求与发展趋势
监管者分别对不同对象进行监管、彼此间相互脱离的机制已经不再适合新的金融体制。原因在于:国际竞争和技术创新(主要是信息技术)越来越模糊金融机构之间的界限,金融机构往往同时经营多种业务。如银行并购保险公司从事保险业务、商业银行和保险公司都是开展基金管理业务等等。这意味着单个金融机构业务的多元化将涉及多个独立的监管者。在这一背景下,如果多个监管者同时对同一个单独的金融机构实施监管,那么将必然造成监管重复、监管低效和浪费成本。于是.功能性监管的思路和设想应运而生。
功能性监管是指中央银行同其他功能监管者(包括证券交易委员会、商品交易委员会、证券交易商协会、保险委员会)相互配合,共同识别单个金融实体的风险以及整个金融持股公司的整体风险。功能性监管有两大优势:首先,在分业监管条件下,金融监管机构各自为政,相互之间的协调、沟通比较困难,监管效率不高,监管成本增加,随着金融市场的不断发展变化,金融监管机构一体化(即统一监管)应比分业监管更为有效。其次,金融机构的混业经营现象已经越来越普遍、甚至成为一种趋势,尤其是通过并购产生了众多的金融集团,在这种背景下,建立统一的金融监管机构能够全面覆盖各类金融机构,堵住金融监管漏洞。
值得注意的是,尽管在我国存在金融全球化与金融混业对统一监管的客观要求,但由于全球化和混业的广度与深度不够,从而决定了目前我国实行统一监管还存在许多困难。一方面,我国金融融人全球金融的程度还不深。多年以来,我国的金融业可以说一直处于未开放的状态;最近一些年,我国金融业尽管从业务合作到股权合资逐渐开放,但很显然开放的规模和比例都还非常小,尤其是作为金融体系核心的银行业(以四大国有商业银行为主)更是如此。并且目前金融领域的国际合作也多限于一些小商业银行、证券机构和基金公司的合作与合资。另一方面,我国金融“混业”的规模和比例还较小。就金融组织体系来说,无论是银行业、保险业还是证券业,独立的金融机构占绝大多数,还是一种主流。银证合作、银行代销基金等也还仅仅是表层的业务合作,完全突破分业界限的分属不同金融行业的业务交叉、股权交叉等也才刚刚开始。除此之外,法律也还没有为混业金融提供畅通的途径。这些都决定了金融统一监管短期内在我国还缺乏紧迫性、缺乏稳固的基础。
可以说,到目前为止,我国的金融全球化与“混业”经营还没有到非进行金融统一监管不行的地步。这意味着,根据我国的具体国情和金融发展阶段,当前提高金融监管效率的关键在于群策群力、专心致志地做好银行、证券、保险的分业监管工作,不断提高银行、证券、保险监管的专业化水平,并在此基础上团结协作,形成监管合力,强化金融监管的有效性,提高金融运行的效率。必须明确,做好分业监管工作是实现金融统一监管的前提和基础,切忌脱离实际、好高骛远、盲目乐观,急于从分业监管向统一监管过渡。
金融混业经营不仅导致金融监管体制的重大变化,而且也使金融监管的重心发生明显的变化。其中的原因在于:金融机构实现混业经营的同时,其传统的存、贷款业务也在逐步下降,创新业务所占的比例则逐步增加。基于这一变化,金融体系面临的风险也随之加大。因此,金融监管的重心也应该相应地作出调整。
此外,金融监管体系将得到进一步完善。——方面,要进一步加强中国人民银行、银监会、证监会、保监会的独立性,加大对违规机构及时发现、查处的力度;另一方面,在当前“分业经营、分业监管”的背景下,进一步强化监管机构之间已建立的高层定期会晤制度,经常就一些重大问题进行磋商、协调;再一方面,对业务交叉领域和从事混业经营的金融集团,实施联合监管,建立监管机构之间的信息交流和共享机制。
最后,将加强跨境金融监管的合作。根据巴塞尔协议的相关规定,对于跨境银行,母国监管当局和东道国监管当局应该进行合理的监管分工和合作。通常,母国监管当局负责对其资本充足性、最终清偿能力等实施监管,东道国监管当局负责对其所在地分支机构的资产质量、内部管理和流动性等实施监管。同时,两国监管当局要就监管的目标、原则、标准、内容、方法以及实际监管中发现的问题进行协商和定期交流。在金融全球化条件下,为了有效监管本国商业银行的境外业务以及外国银行在本国的金融业务,进一步加强跨国间的监管合作已经变得越来越迫切和越来越重要。
Ⅵ 金融监管体系怎么越来越国际化了
(一)金融监管体制的组织结构体系向部分混业监管或完全混业监管的模式过渡
各国金融监管体制的组织结构千差万别。英国的大卫T.卢埃林教授在1997年对73个国家的金融监管组织结构进行研究,发现有13个国家实行单一机构混业监管,35个国家实行银行、证券、保险业分业监管,25个国家实行部分混业监管,后者包括银行证券统一监管、保险单独监管(7个);银行保险统一监管、证券单独监管(13个)以及证券保险统一监管、银行单独监管(3个)3种形式,并且受金融混业经营的影响,指定专业监管机构即完全分业监管的国家在数目上呈现出减少趋势,各国金融监管的组织机构正向部分混业监管或完全混业监管的模式过渡。
(二)金融监管法制呈现出趋同化、国际化发展趋势
金融监管法制的趋同化是指各国在监管模式及具体制度上相互影响、相互协调而日趋接近。由于经济、社会文化及法制传统的差异,金融监管法制形成了一定的地区风格,在世界上影响较大的有两类:一是英国模式,以非制度化著称,加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰即属此类。二是美国模式,以规范化闻名于世,监管严厉,日本、欧洲大陆国家多属此类。历史上,英国对金融业的监管主要采取行业自律形式,英格兰银行在履行监管职责时形成了非正式监管的风格,不以严格的法律、规章为依据,而往往借助道义劝说、君子协定等来达到目的;而美国是一个以法制化著称的国家,金融监管制度被视为规范管理的典范,监管法规众多,为美国金融业的发展营造了一个规范有序,公平竞争的市场环境。自20世纪70年代以来,两种模式出现了相互融合的趋势,即英国不断走向法治化,注重法律建设;而美国则向英国模式靠拢,不断放松管制的同时增强监管的灵活性。
随着不断加深的金融国际化,使金融机构及其业务活动跨越了国界的局限,在这种背景下,客观上需要将各国独特的监管法规和惯例纳入一个统一的国际框架之中,金融监管法制逐渐走向国际化。双边协定、区域范围内监管法制一体化,尤其是巴塞尔委员会通过的一系列协议、原则、标准等在世界各国的推广和运用,都将给世界各国金融监管法制的变革带来冲击。
(三)金融监管更加注重风险性监管和创新业务的监管
从监管内容看,世界各国监管当局的监管重点实现了两个转变:第一、从注重合规性监管向合规性监管和风险监管并重转变。过去监管当局一直将监管重点放在合规性方面,认为只要制定好市场游戏规则,并确保市场参与者遵照执行,就能实现监管目标。但随着银行业的创新和变革,合规性监管的缺点不断暴露,这种方法市场敏感度较低,不能及时反映银行风险,相应的监管措施也滞后于市场发展。有鉴于此,国际银行监管组织及一些国家的监管当局相继推出一系列以风险监管为基础的审慎规则,如巴塞尔银行监管委员会发布的《有效银行监管核心原则》、《利率风险管理原则》等,实现了合规性监管向合规性监管和风险监管并重转变。第二,从注重传统银行业务监管向传统业务和创新业务监管并重转变。随着金融市场的不断发展,金融创新产品层出不穷,如金融衍生产品交易、网上银行交易等创新业务,它们在增加收益的同时也增大了风险,且更易扩散,对金融市场的冲击也更加直接和猛烈。因此,只注重传统银行业务的监管已经不能全面、客观地反映整个银行业的风险状况,只有“双管齐下”,并重监管传统业务和创新业务,才能有效地防范和化解银行业的整体风险。
(四)金融监管越来越重视金融机构的内部控制制度和同业自律机制
金融机构的内部控制是实施有效金融监管的前提和基础。世界金融监管的实践表明,外部金融监管的力量无论如何强大,监管的程度无论如何细致而周密,如果没有金融机构的内部控制相配合往往事倍而功半,金融监管效果大打折扣。在国外银行经营管理层的内控意识很强,他们把这作为非常重要的管理理念,贯穿于整个经营管理体制工作中。国外商业银行一般专门成立独立于其他部门的、仅仅对银行最高权利机构负责的内部审计机构,并建立了健全的内控制度。近年来,由于巴林银行、大和银行以及住友商社等一系列严重事件的发生都与内控机制上的缺陷或执行上的不力有直接关系,国际金融集团和金融机构在震惊之余,纷纷开始重新检讨和审视自己的内控状况,以免重蹈他人覆辙,许多国家的监管当局和一些重要的国际性监管组织也开始对银行的内部控制问题给予前所未有的关注。
金融机构同业自律机制作为增强金融业安全的重要手段之一,受到各国普遍重视。以欧洲大陆国家为代表,比利时、法国、德国、卢森堡、荷兰等国的银行家学会和某些专业信贷机构的行业组织都在不同程度上发挥着监督作用。尽管金融业公会组织在各国监管体系中的地位不尽相同,但各国都比较重视其在金融监管体系中所起的作用。
(五)金融监管向国际化方向发展
随着金融国际化的发展及不断深化,各国金融市场之间的联系和依赖性也不断加强,各种风险在国家之间相互转移、扩散便在所难免,如1997年7月东南亚爆发的危机就蔓延到了许多国家,使整个世界的经济都受到了强烈的震动。金融国际化要求实现金融监管本身的国际化,如果各国在监管措施上松紧不一,不仅会削弱各国监管措施的效应,而且还会导致国际资金大规模的投机性转移,影响国际金融的稳定。因此,西方各国致力于国际银行联合监管,如巴塞尔银行监管委员会通过的《巴塞尔协议》统一了国际银行的资本定义与资本率标准。各种国际性监管组织也纷纷成立,并保持着合作与交流。国际化的另一体现是,各国对跨国银行的监管趋于统一和规范。
Ⅶ 目前国际金融体系的现状与趋势
为重建国际货币秩序,在第二次世界大战结束前,以美英等国为首的国际社会通过多边协定方式建立了布雷顿森林体系。主要内容包括:(1)设立国际货币基金组织(IMF),协调国际货币关系,特别是对各国的汇率政策实行监督;(2)实行以黄金为基础、美元为中心的可调整的固定汇率制度;(3)在成员国发生国际收支困难时,IMF可提供短期信贷,以补充其国际流动性。在最初的近20年里,该体系运行比较顺利,有效地促进了世界经济的重建、发展和繁荣。但由于该体系的基础是美元与黄金的可兑换性,并要求其他各国放弃货币政策独立性,因此,当美国国际收支逆差不断扩大,无法维持美元与黄金的可兑换性时,它的继续存在便受到明显挑战。20世纪70年代初美国停止向各国政府兑回美元后,各国纷纷放弃本币与美元的固定比价,实行浮动汇率制度,布雷顿森林体系趋于崩溃。1976年在IMF的提议和组织下,国际社会达成牙买加协定,宣布黄金非货币化,同时承认各国实施的浮动汇率制度合法化,这标志着国际金融体系再次进入了一个不受全球性多边协定约束的动荡的时代。
自牙买加协定签订以来,国际金融体系总体上没有发生根本性的变化。由于在许多基本问题上至今没有形成全球性的制度安排,因此,正如一些学者所指出的那样,近30年来的国际金融体系事实上处于一种“无体系”的状态。不过,伴随着国际经济和金融一体化程度的不断提高,特别是经济区域化的快速发展,该体系也发生了一些局部性变化。大致而言,它包括以下基本特征:
第一,国际汇率制度呈现出以浮动汇率安排为主、多种汇率安排并存的基本格局。目前,全球有三类基本的汇率安排:一是独立浮动汇率安排,实行国家包括美国、欧盟、日本和部分新兴市场经济体;二是固定汇率安排,包括实行货币局制度和传统钉住汇率制度的国家,以及已取消法定货币国家(如欧盟内部和实行美元化的国家);三是“中间道路”安排,即各种介于浮动汇率和固定汇率之间的安排,如爬行钉住制、区间浮动制和管理浮动制等,主要包括一些外向型程度较高或国内通货膨胀比较严重的发展中经济体。据统计,2002年,在IMF的186个成员经济体中,实行上述三类汇率安排的国家分别占22%、48%和30%。
由于美、欧、日在全球经济中具有重要地位,因此,它们之间的浮动安排对国际汇率制度的性质具有决定性意义。就单个国家而言,浮动汇率安排的利益主要体现在可以维护货币政策的独立性,并在一定程度上自动调节国际收支失衡。但从国际金融稳定的角度看,它至少包含两个缺陷:一是汇率的频繁波动将对正常的国际贸易和投资活动造成不利影响,大大增加全球经济活动的汇兑成本和风险;二是容易引起汇率政策冲突,即运用本币贬值政策推行贸易扩张,以牺牲他国利益的方式维护本国利益。在过去一二十年里,尽管全球范围没有发生20世纪30年代那种竞争性货币贬值,但局部的冲突却时有发生。1997年亚洲金融危机时期的情形是较为典型的一个例子。而在工业化国家之间,从80年代后期迫使日元升值的“广场协议”到最近一个时期美元强势政策的调整,都充分显示美国在缓解其经常账户逆差时对于汇率贬值政策的依赖。
固定汇率安排的主要意义在于通过全部或部分让渡货币主权,换取汇兑交易成本的降低和更强的国内财经政策约束。各种形式的“中间道路”则有可能兼收浮动汇率和固定汇率的优点,并使本国货币当局具有一种相机抉择的自由。然而,在美、欧、日等大国货币频繁波动的情况下,无论固定汇率还是“中间道路”安排,实际上都面临着严峻的考验。不少研究显示,亚洲金融危机的一个重要原因是,1995年以后美元相对于日元的大幅度升值,造成了泰国等实行钉住美元安排的国家货币急剧升值,并严重损害了这些国家的贸易竞争能力。
第二,国际金融市场在国际收支调节中具有显著的作用。在布雷顿森林体系时代,由于各国实行严格的金融管制,国际金融市场在国际收支调节中作用比较有限,许多国家的经常账户逆差调节主要依靠财政货币政策。在发生严重逆差时,也可有限地运用汇率政策,并从IMF获得一定的短期信贷支持。然而,自20世纪70年代以来,伴随着国际金融市场的迅速发展,各国可以方便地通过商业性国际融资弥补其经常账户逆差,从而避免采用财政紧缩等可能影响国内经济稳定的调节措施。作为一种基于市场的安排,国际金融市场的存在提供了充裕的国际流动性,从而大大降低了各国国际收支调节的代价。但在另一方面,它也产生了新的不稳定因素。其中最主要的是,它使一些国家放松内部约束,滥用财政扩张政策,延误必要的国内经济改革和调整。结果是不仅经常账户逆差最终变得难以控制,而且常常为沉重的外债负担所累,甚至成为金融动荡的根源。
第三,国际资本流动缺乏有效监管,已经成为国际金融不稳定的重要源泉。自20世纪80年代以来,随着各国资本管制的不断放松,国际资本流动迅猛扩张。目前,全球各类国际资本的日交易量已经超过1.5万亿美元。近年来不少研究显示,国际资本市场存在着严重的结构性缺陷,许多国际投资和信贷决策都是在信息不充分的情况下做出的。在资本流向的国别选择上,特别是对于发展中国家的资本流动,常常发生“饱饥综合症”,即当看好一些国家的经济增长前景时,国际资本大规模涌向那里,而当这些国家因为资本过度流入而出现危机迹象时,国际资本又快速离去。因此常造成这些国家内外经济失衡,并最终导致货币和金融动荡。此外,在危机发生的前后,由于缺乏有效监管,大规模投机性短期资本的参与更是加剧了有关国家危机的深度,并在危机的国际传递方面扮演核心角色。
第四,多边国际金融机构的功能存在严重缺陷,并且具有明显的不公正性。IMF是布雷顿森林体系的遗产。1973年后,该组织已不再具有对各国汇率安排进行约束的权力,其主要功能是对发生国际收支危机的国家提供短期信贷,以增强其清偿能力。然而,由于该组织长期以来资金来源严重不足,因此对于危机国家的救援要求不是行动迟缓,就是力不从心,而且常常附加紧缩开支和经济自由化等不切实际的条件。此外,正如1997年在对亚洲金融危机处理过程中所显示的,由于明显受到美国政府和华尔街利益集团的影响,该组织对于美洲以外危机国家的救援要求往往显得十分冷漠。这表明了该组织在维护国际金融体系稳定方面的功能缺陷和不公正性。
第五,全球性货币金融合作成效甚微,区域性货币一体化进展显著。目前,全球性货币金融合作的主要渠道是七国首脑和财长会议。总体上看,这个协调机制常常流于形式和务虚,很少具有实质性内容。近年来,IMF和国际清算银行也在试图发挥更为积极的作用,但或者成效并不显著,或者对各国并没有真正的约束力。相比之下,区域性货币合作进程却取得了显著的进展。经过数十年的努力,欧元于1999年成功面世,欧元区内部也已建立起统一的中央银行和货币政策框架。值得注意的是,欧元的诞生产生了明显的示范效应。最近几年来,在拉美、中东欧等地区,一些国家开始采用美元化和货币局制度,或者在区域内实行固定汇率安排。尽管两年前的金融危机迫使阿根廷放弃了货币局制度,但似乎并没有改变这一趋势。
第六,美元的金融霸权地位基本依旧,但正在面临挑战。自人类进入信用货币本位时代以来,一直没有诞生独立的世界货币,因此,国际经济交易始终依赖少数几个主权国家的货币来充当国际支付手段和储备资产。美元正是这些货币中最主要的一种。自布雷顿森林体系建立起,借助美国强大的经济和政治力量,美元便建立了全球性金融霸权地位。半个多世纪以来,尽管美元在国际支付和储备资产体系中的份额有所下降,但目前仍然高达60%左右。依靠这种地位,美国获得了大量的“铸币税”收入,可以通过输出美元不断占有别国的实际经济资源。
亚洲金融危机爆发后,国际学术界对于现行国际金融体系的缺陷展开了热烈的讨论,并提出了不少积极的改革建议和方案。其中比较有影响的建议包括:增强发达国家之间的货币金融合作,建立汇率目标区,以减少大国货币之间的汇率波动;加强对国际资本流动的监管,尤其是对投机性资本流动的限制(如实行“托宾税”,即各国对外汇交易征税);改革和重塑IMF,增强其资金实力,提高贷款决策的透明度,增加发展中国家在该组织的表决权;加强区域性货币金融一体化等等。此外,也有一些比较激进的建议,如回归金本位体系、恢复布雷顿森林体系和成立世界中央银行。
历史不会进行简单回归,重新回到金本位或布雷顿森林时代只能是不切实际的幻想。近几年的发展显示,其他改革建议也大多没有得到有效实施。一个根本原因是,以美国为首的发达国家对金融动荡没有切肤之痛,加上改革有可能损害其既得利益,因而对现行国际金融体系改革在总体上并不积极,对于限制国际资本流动、改革和重构IMF等发展中国家十分关注的改革建议,则更是反应冷淡甚至持反对态度。另外,相互间的潜在利益冲突,也使发达国家很难在所有的改革问题上完全保持一致。比如,美国一直反对日本在亚洲推动货币金融合作,特别是反对其倡导成立“亚洲货币基金组织”。
展望未来,可以认为,近期内国际金融体系的现状不可能发生重大变化。不过,从中长期看,伴随着经济全球化的持续发展,各国之间经济联系将更加紧密和深化,预计会有更多的国家积极致力于构建一个稳定和合理的国际金融体系。这意味着上述改革建议有可能在不同程度上逐步得以实现。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国政府已经并且仍将利用各种国际场合积极推动国际金融体系的改革。事实上,自1999年以来,中国在推动亚洲货币金融合作方面已经发挥了十分重要的作用。
Ⅷ 急求经济类外文文章,题目是关于国际金融监管发展趋势
China has joined the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the continuous influx, is bound to China's financial regulatory bodies brought regulatory problems. This paper through the analysis of the international financial regulatory system in the organizational structure, legal system, supervision, self-discipline and supervision of international mechanisms, such as the development trend of China on the basis of financial supervision should be improved following areas: the establishment of an effective financial supervision organizations System, establish and improve financial supervision and legal system, improve China's financial supervision and management, establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism, strengthening financial supervision and international cooperation and exchanges.
Financial regulators around the world are facing the common task. Western countries in the long-term monitoring practice, accumulated a lot of useful experience and technology. Comparing countries in the world financial supervision and the different characteristics and trend of development, will help us explore suitable for China's national conditions of the road to financial supervision.
First, the international development trend of financial supervision
(A) the financial regulatory system to the organizational structure of the mixed system of supervision or monitoring of the instry completely mixed mode transition
States system of financial supervision and different organizational structure. Britain's David T Professor Lu Ailin in 1997 to 73 countries in financial supervision and structure study found that 13 countries a single body mixed supervision, 35 state banking, securities, insurance separate supervision , 25 countries of the mixed instry regulation, the latter including the unified supervision of the banking securities and insurance separate supervision (7); unified supervision of the banking insurance, securities regulation alone (13) and the Securities unified insurance regulation, banking supervision alone (three ) Three kinds of forms, and the impact of the financial operation mode, the designated professional regulatory body that is completely separate supervision on the number of countries in showing a decreasing trend, the national financial supervision organizations being part of mixed supervision or completely mixed supervision The mode of transition.
(B) financial supervision and showing a convergence of the rule of law, international development trends
The convergence of financial supervision and the rule of law is that all countries in the monitoring system and the specific mode of interaction, and mutual coordination of the increasingly close. As the economic, social cultural and traditional differences in the legal system, financial supervision and the rule of law in the formation of a certain style in the world have a greater impact on the two categories: First, the British model, known to non-institutionalized, Canada, Australia, New Zealand is an Such. The second is the American model, to standardize the world-famous, strict supervision, Japan, the European continent and more countries are such. Historically, the United Kingdom's financial sector supervision mainly taken the form of instry self-regulation, supervision of the Bank of England in the discharge of their ties formation of the informal style of supervision, not to strict laws and regulations as the basis, but often through moral persuasion, such as gentlemen's agreement to Achieve their goals while the United States is a legal system in the country said, the financial regulatory system as a model for regulating the management, supervision of numerous laws and regulations, the United States for the development of the financial instry to create a standardized and orderly, fair and competitive market environment. Since the 1970s, has two modes of mutual integration of the trend, the United Kingdom continued to the rule of law, law on construction while the United States to move closer to the British model, the deregulation of the enhanced regulatory flexibility.
With the deepening of the international financial, to financial institutions and business activities across national boundaries limitations, in this context, objectively speaking, countries will need the unique regulations and practices into a unified international framework, financial supervision and the rule of law Graal internationalization. Bilateral agreements, regional integration within the framework of monitoring the legal system, particularly the Basel Committee adopted a series of agreements, principles, standards and other countries in the world in the promotion and application of all countries in the world financial regulation will change impact on the legal system.
(C) financial supervision and pay more attention to risk control and supervision of the business innovation
From the regulatory content, the regulatory authorities of the countries in the world has achieved two key regulatory changes: First, pay attention to the regulatory compliance of regulatory compliance and risk control of both changes. Has been past the regulatory authorities will focus on monitoring compliance with regard that as long as the market properly formulate the rules of the game, and to ensure compliance with the implementation of market participants, will be able to achieve regulatory objectives. However, with the banking sector innovation and change, compliance and regulatory shortcomings constantly exposed, it is less sensitive market, banks can not reflect the risk, the corresponding regulatory measures also lag behind the development of the market. In view of this, international organizations and banking supervision in some countries regulatory authorities have launched a series of risk-based supervision of the prudent rules, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the "core principles of effective banking supervision", "interest rate risk management principles" , To achieve the regulatory compliance of the regulatory supervision and risk control of both changes. Second, focus on traditional banking regulation and innovation to the traditional business operations both regulatory changes. With the continuous development of financial markets, financial innovations emerging procts, such as financial derivatives trading, online banking transactions and other business innovations, increase their income but also increases the risk, and more proliferation, the impact on the financial markets are more directly And fierce. Therefore, only focus on traditional banking supervision has been unable to fully and objectively reflect the situation of the risk of the banking sector, only "two-pronged", monitoring both traditional and innovative business operations and effectively guard against and defuse the banking instry's overall risk.
(D) increasing emphasis on financial supervision and financial institutions in internal control systems and instry self-regulatory mechanism to the internal controls of financial institutions to implement effective financial supervision is the prerequisite and basis. The world's financial regulatory practice shows that external financial supervision and a powerful force in any case, the degree of supervision and meticulous and careful in any case, if there is no financial institution's internal controls are compatible and work a half times the matter, the financial effect of regulation greatly reced. The management of foreign banks operating in the strong sense of internal control, as this is very important management ideas, throughout the operation and management system work. Foreign commercial banks to set up an independent specialized in general in other sectors, only to the highest authority responsible for the bank's internal audit institutions, and establish a sound internal control system. In recent years, because of Barings Bank, Daiwa Bank and Sumitomo Corporation and a series of serious incidents and internal control mechanism on all the deficiencies or ineffective implementation of a direct relationship between the international financial groups and financial institutions in shock aside, have started re - Review and examine their own internal situation, so as not to repeat the mistakes of others, the regulatory authorities in many countries and a number of important international organizations have begun to monitor the bank's internal control problems to give unprecedented attention.
Financial institutions with instry self-regulatory mechanism as the financial instry enhance security one of the important means by universal attention. To countries on behalf of the European continent, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands Institute of Bankers in countries such as credit agencies and some professional organizations in the instry to varying degrees, played a supervisory role. Despite the financial instry associations in various countries in the monitoring system status varied, but all countries in comparison to its financial regulatory system in the role.
(5) to the international financial supervision and direction of development
With the internationalization of financial deepening and development of countries the link between financial markets and dependence have been strengthened, and all kinds of risks in the transfer between countries, the spread is inevitable, such as the July 1997 outbreak of the crisis in Southeast Asia To spread to many countries, so that the entire world economy have been a strong shock. Internationalization of the financial demands of the international financial regulation itself, if countries in different regulatory measures on the elastic, will not only weaken the effect of national regulatory measures, but it will also lead to large-scale international speculative funds transfer, the impact of international financial stability. Therefore, the Western countries committed to the joint supervision of international banks, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, adopted by the "Basel Agreement" unity of the international definition of bank capital and capital standard rate. Various international monitoring organizations have also established and maintained cooperation and exchanges. Another manifestation of the international, national to transnational banking supervision more unified and standardized.
Second, the international financial supervision to the development trend of China's Inspiration
(A) the establishment of an effective system of financial supervision organizations
In 1998 China's financial regulatory system, formation of the People's Bank of China, the SFC, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission were monitoring banking, securities and insurance sub-sector supervision and management system, such a system adapted to the sub-instry of China's financial operation Institutional structures. But with the development of China's financial instry, the business model to meet the needs of graally revealed, the outstanding performance of the banking assets of the project is too concentrated, broker financing channels for poor, low efficiency of insurance capital investment. Then graally relax control management, such as allowing brokers to enter the inter-bank lending market and allow insurance funds to purchase investment funds entering the stock market and to allow the broker stock collateral loans, showing a trend of mixed operations. At the same time, some financial institutions began to follow foreign counterparts, the way to controlling the expansion of the scope of its business, such as the China Everbright Group and the CITIC Group-banking, securities and insurance business in one, a structure in line with international trends of the financial group's prototype. On the other hand, China's accession to the WTO, foreign financial institutions with the massive influx of foreign financial trend is bound to the operation mode of China's financial instry shocks and challenges. Therefore, we should learn from advanced foreign experience to China's financial supervision and organizational structure appropriate reforms to adapt to the changed economic and financial situation.
More developed countries, the regulatory approach, we believe that we can draw the United States consolidated supervision and regulation of the instry with the model, the establishment of the Authority as the country's financial supervisory authority, through the financial holding company to achieve the monitoring of the banking, securities and insurance business Comprehensive supervision, the professional regulatory bodies are still responsible for the supervision of their respective areas. National Financial Authority's main task is to address the financial regulatory vacuum to take timely measures, the financial regulatory bodies of the scope of responsibility of coordinating the various regulatory bodies conflicts of interest, and regulation of ownership, and so on.
This new organizational structure of financial supervision model can meet after the implementation of the operation mode of development of the financial instry's regulatory system requirements, but also to adapt to the business at this stage to the operation mode of the transition period regulatory requirements, it is an ideal Choice
(B) To establish and improve financial supervision and legal system
First of all, based on the domestic financial instry to the development of the status quo, the international financial regulatory changes and new trends in the world after foreign financial institutions merged the supervision of the needs of a timely job of waste regulations, reform, legislation work. Secondly, we must strengthen the financial regulation and law enforcement supervision, so that non-financial regulatory functions of financial regulation and law enforcement departments regulatory functions, such as legal departments, OIA sector.
(C) improve and perfect China's financial supervision, improve the efficiency of regulation
Will monitor compliance with the risk of the combination of monitoring, to check compliance of the premise, risk-based supervision, they both set up bank credit rating system, compliance and risk rating, to strengthen its banking Risk management and the identification and management, enhance self-binding, while the central bank for banks operating accurately grasp the situation and in accordance with the different levels of supervision of banks to adopt different measures to strengthen the supervision of the banking business innovations, such as Internet banking should be formally included in the financial The management of the establishment of specialized banking network access system, developed network security standards, the establishment of security authentication system. Should pay attention to strengthen the regulation can not stifle financial innovation and obstacles; use of modern technology on the implementation of financial operation dynamic, real-time, continuous risk monitoring, in order to promptly resolve regulatory risks increase efficiency.
(D) establish and improve China's financial supervision and self-regulatory mechanism
1, China's financial institutions improve the internal control system. Basically, China's financial institutions have formulated a set of internal control systems, but with the degree of China's financial markets continue to improve, we must further improve and perfect the internal control mechanism. First, a reasonable set of internal control agencies. To China's commercial banks as an example, although more common to set up an internal audit body, but most of all branches under the jurisdiction of lack of independence and authority, should learn from foreign experience, the establishment of the supreme body responsible for the OIA, to To ensure the highest concern about the practice of managers to any problems. Only in this way can we make the highest authority within the regulatory status of clear. Second, the establishment of financial institutions, the internal control audit and evaluation system. China's financial institutions in the self-restraint weak, not strong sense of internal control and supervision over-reliance on external circumstances, the establishment of internal audit and evaluation system is very important. Third, the adequacy of internal control to improve facilities, the establishment of efficient financial management information system. The use of modern computer tools, and information collection, processing, transmission, automation, and the sharing of information resources. Through the establishment of the database, the model, the way to achieve rapid, accurate and reasonable projections and analysis, providing internal control sources of information and the final decision-making support. Fourth, revise and improve the internal control system. Internal control system is the establishment and improvement of a dynamic process, all financial institutions must be timely in accordance with its business development and environmental change constantly revise and improve the internal control system to adapt to its dynamic business development and innovation of financial risk control needs.
2, the establishment of financial instry self-regulatory mechanism. From countries in the world financial system with instry self-regulation of the practice of the construction, trade associations or associations is to meet the financial instry trade protectionism and trade coordination and supervision of the needs of instry spontaneously formed and developed, from the development of China's financial instry analysis of the status quo, there is the financial instry And the rapid development of the financial regulatory authorities in monitoring the relative shortage of contradictions, there is an urgent need to establish the financial supervisory authorities to monitor from the Association Shiyibuque role of the financial system, the creation of a preserve with the instry and orderly competition and guard against financial risks, protect the interests of the members of the instry sectors Self-regulatory mechanism. Recommendations in the financial regulatory authorities to encourage and guide public opinion and the initiative of the spontaneous, on a voluntary basis, the establishment of financial instry trade associations, according to the different types of financial institutions, the establishment of various different parts of the financial trade associations, and on the basis of this form National Association of the financial liaison mechanism, given the financial instry trade associations have protection instry, instry coordination, trade regulation, trade cooperation and exchanges, and other functions.
Ⅸ 试述全球金融市场监管模式变革的趋势
一、不同监管模式的趋同趋势
二、监管变革的方向从强化监管到放松监管
三、监管目标从注重衍生金融市场的安全性转向注重效率
四、监管体制从机构监管转向功能监管
五、监管内容上既放松经济性监管又强化审慎性监管
六、监管方式从以外部监管为主转向内部自律监管为主
七、加强证券监管领域的国际协调与合作
我是帮朋友找的 凑合这抄把 不一定对