Ⅰ 急求有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻
提供一些有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻，供寫作參考。
[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) .
[2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 .
[3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, .
[4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) .
[5] Peterson, M,Rajan, R.G. The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 .
[6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, .
[7] Kane,E.J. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, .
[8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, .
[9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .
Ⅱ 中小企業融資途徑和對策的外文文獻及翻譯各兩篇
企業融來資按照期限來劃分自，可分為短期融資和長期融資。企業做融資期限決策，即在短期融資與長期融資兩種方式之間進行權衡時，做何種選擇，主要取決於融資的用途和融資人的風險性偏好。
從資金用途上來看，如果融資是用於企業流動資產，則根據流動資產具有周期快、易於變現、經營中所需補充數額較小及佔用時間短等特點，宜於選擇各種短期融資方式，如商業信用、短期貸款等；如果融資是用於長期投資或購置固定資產，則由於這類用途要求資金數額大、佔用時間長，因而適宜選擇各種長期融資方式，如長期貸款、企業內部積累、租賃融資、發行債券、股票等。
Ⅲ 關於中小企業融資的外文文獻近五年的 急急急，求大神幫忙 帶中文翻譯 跪求大神
外文文獻有，但翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要可以回復即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
Ⅳ 哪位大俠幫我找篇關於中小企業融資的外文原文+譯文，反成中文2000字左右
壽山石除了大量用來生產千姿百態的印章外，還廣泛用以雕刻人物、動物、花鳥、山水風光、文具、器皿及其他多種藝術品。這種供藝術雕刻用的壽山石主要產於壽山及峨嵋、東仔、湖潭、石碧頭等礦床，其礦物成分以地開石、高嶺石為主，葉臘石次之。
優美的壽山石藝術品在人類社會生活中不僅有助於物質文明，而更重要的是有助於精神文明事業的發展。它可以使人陶冶情操，美化心靈，益壽延年。例如，中國工藝美術大師郭功森用旗降石為材料所創作的「曲水流觴」就描繪了公元353年（永和九年）的蘭亭盛會。正如東晉大書法家王羲之《蘭亭集序》之所贊述：「永和九年，歲在癸丑。暮春之初，會於會稽山陰之蘭亭，修禊事也。群賢畢至，少長咸集。此地有崇山峻嶺，茂林修竹；又有清流激湍，映帶左右。引以為流觴曲水
Ⅳ 急！中小企業融資的英文文獻和翻譯
除了下面給出的，你也可以看看我給其他人的回答
http://..com/question/98953036.html
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外
2007年7月由Stephen布希
商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此，建議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。
有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。
正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。
商業融資比如-比如銀行外
企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序
大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人，以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。
商業融資兩名-比如銀行外
商業按揭貸款
兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。
商業融資例3 -比如銀行外
信用卡處理程序
選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助，信用卡處理。
閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應當指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
Ⅵ 哪位英語達人幫我翻譯一個關於中小企業融資的外文文獻吧！1
傳統的智慧認為不足的中小企業融資是植根於"供方"功能很大程度上。 就是金融機構的運作的方式對提供中小企融資偏見 ； 作為結果很多銀行及其它財務機構成為中涉及與中小型企業不感興趣。 傳統視圖中突出顯示多個因素，可能會限制金融機構。 若要開始，因為它們很難確定公司是否有能力 （既有可行的項目） 的薪酬和/或 （由於向道德風險） 支付意願的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味著中小企融資難。 此 opaqueness 特別是削弱貸款從想從事更非人格化的機構或手臂長度融資的需要努力，目標和透明的信息。 第二，相對於大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特別在發展中國家。 這不僅使 opaqueness 糟糕的卻也帶來了更多的障礙和風險中小企業 lending.8，例如，銀行不能借給中小型企業，更會保證公司不會報告可靠地他們全面金融活動對其財務 statements.9 再說，如果 informality 表示該公司有 unrecorded 或有高級負債政府和自己的員工。 面對這種風險： 稅和/或勞動部門可能會導致這類責任具體化，銀行會借少為中小型企業或收取更高的風險溢價。
(不好意思，有些詞不會翻譯。- -~~）
Ⅶ 急求一篇關於中小企業融資問題的外文期刊或文章
對,
肯定哈好
Ⅷ 哪位英語達人幫我翻譯一個關於中小企業融資的外文文獻吧！0
純手工翻譯，供參考。
銀行參與中小企業融資：超越關系型貸款（降低貸款條件。）
近年來，中型和小型企業（中小企業）的融資問題，已成為致力於財政與經濟發展工作的經濟學家們和政策家們的重要議題，備受關注。這種趨勢的原因在於，市場經濟中，中小型企業占絕大多數，並解決了大份額的就業問題（Hallberg，2001）。此外，多數大型企業通常是由小型企業發展而來，因此，中小型企業的發展投資能力正是經濟體進一步繁榮的關鍵。
同時，許多學者與政策家指出，中小型企業的融資問題在於缺乏合適的融資渠道，並理應得到特殊幫助。如，政府應出台增加貸款金額等相關政策。各類研究數據表明了此看法的正確性。舉例來說，一項對10,000家來自80多個不同國家的企業數據（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006）分析表明，其中認為企業發展的最大障礙為融資難的企業，小型企業佔到39%，中型企業占據38%，而大型企業佔29%。此外，與大型企業的對外融資水平相比，小型企業平均融資資金低於大型企業13個百分點。更為重要的是，特別是對於中小型企業來說，對外融資困難是阻礙企業發展的瓶頸。（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005）
在政策方面，許多措施與政策的出台，包括政府對給予企業最高貸款的銀行單位發放津貼以及提供公共保障金，用以促進各國中小型企業的融資水平。最典型的例子要屬中國的FOGAPE（小型企業擔保基金）政策，其鼓勵銀行給予小型企業貸款，使得小型企業可在較低信用額度的情況下獲得貸款。該項政策有著眾多特點，包括鼓勵減少（貸款中）不正當行為，提升銀行之間的競爭力以及銀行自身的承擔力。
括弧里是文獻和數據引用的作者名、年份，就不翻譯了。
Ⅸ 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻
研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
英文圖書和期刊類文獻：
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Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
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and Credit Rationing in Cote D』Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
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