融資風險外文

① 求一篇關於民間借貸風險研究的外文文獻，最好有中文翻譯，3000字左右

外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
如果需要直接網路Hi中添加我好友，留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供

近期好像網路Hi無提示信息
留下郵箱地址如dgfgafd的126q郵箱
一六*零****八二*二QQ郵箱

② 有誰能告訴我有關上市公司負債籌資風險的外文翻譯哪裡找

搜一下：有誰能告訴我有關上市公司負債籌資風險的外文翻譯哪裡找

③ 中小企業融資途徑和對策的外文文獻及翻譯各兩篇

企業融來資按照期限來劃分自，可分為短期融資和長期融資。企業做融資期限決策，即在短期融資與長期融資兩種方式之間進行權衡時，做何種選擇，主要取決於融資的用途和融資人的風險性偏好。

從資金用途上來看，如果融資是用於企業流動資產，則根據流動資產具有周期快、易於變現、經營中所需補充數額較小及佔用時間短等特點，宜於選擇各種短期融資方式，如商業信用、短期貸款等；如果融資是用於長期投資或購置固定資產，則由於這類用途要求資金數額大、佔用時間長，因而適宜選擇各種長期融資方式，如長期貸款、企業內部積累、租賃融資、發行債券、股票等。

④ 求大神翻譯一段融資風險的英語

股票投資一般是指買入並持有的股票在證券市場中個體公司的股息和資本收益的預期收益，如股票上漲的價值。典型的股權持有人獲得投票權，這意味著他們可以投票決定董事會人選以及某些重大交易，與剩餘控制權，這意味著他們分享公司的利潤，以及恢復一些公司的資產中的事件，它的褶皺，雖然他們在回收他們的投資一般有最低的優先順序。通過自我管理的條件和技術條件的制約，小和中小型企業面臨的經營虧損時容易大量的資本，經營管理中存在的一些問題。它將直接威脅到企業的生存和發展，這是股權轉讓融資風險。
網路翻譯了一下。。。應該能看懂大意了吧

⑤ 畢業論文要3000字的外文及翻譯，主要是融資風險方面的，在哪裡可以找到

不好找的吧！

⑥ 【求助】求關於銀行對中小企業貸款風險方面的外文文獻原文及譯文

去擺渡上查查啊
商業銀行對中小企業貸款的風險與防範

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http://finance.sina.com.cn 2004年09月27日 11:36 中國經濟時報

-張禮慶 黃平

目前，我國中小企業在國民經濟發展中的作用和地位問題，越來越受到各方面的關注。由於中小企業的經營記錄不夠完全，財務信息可信度低，抵押物不足，經營風險大，因此，在有大企業進行選擇的情況下，金融機構普遍不願意對中小企業融資，無論是國內還是國外，中小企業融資難的現象都普遍存在。

一、對中小企業融資規律的認識

中小企業的融資需求，有其內在的規律，設計融資制度，必須對此做出深入的研究。

1、中小企業的融資需求動機

從宏觀看，中小企業的融資需求決定於業主選擇的分工狀態，通過融資制度，使更多的產業組織測試成為可能。在這方面，中小企業的融資需求主要分為兩類：一是創業需求，這是一種投資需求。其動機在於以勞動力市場的交易費用代替交易費用，然後得到成本節約的利益；二是發展融資的需求，這既包含交易動機，也包含投資動機。在發展的過程中，自有資金比例的下降，財務杠桿的上升，意味著用自有資金承擔的風險相對降低，也意味著風險向社會的轉移。從微觀看，中小企業的融資需求取決於資本結構，在中小企業發展的不同階段，以及不同治理結構、不同業主的中小企業，融資需求特徵不一致，融資方式、融資總量的選擇也不同。

2、中小企業的融資方式選擇

不同組織結構的中小企業，融資方式選擇的傾向性會有所差異，如非公司制企業通常選擇間接融資，而合夥企業通常不會融資。所有制不同，也會對中小企業融資方式的選擇產生影響，如國有中小企業通常依賴國有銀行的融資，民營企業則較多的依賴於民間金融進行直接融資。

3、中小企業融資難點

從直接融資看，中小企業的融資難點在於信息不對稱。由於直接融資方式要求資金的使用者通過信息批露及公正的會計、審計等第三者監督的方式來提高經營狀況的透明度。信息不透明的程度越高，資金提供者要求的在讓渡資金時所要求的風險補償就越高。中小企業的信用記錄缺乏，財務信息也可能不可靠，因而，在直接融資中，中小企業必須支付遠遠高於大企業的資金成本，這是中小企業難以通過上市公開募集資金的主要原因。

從間接融資看，站在銀行角度考慮，中小企業的融資難點主要有以下幾點：(1)中小企業數量多、類別復雜、單個貸款規模小，造成銀行經營成本增加；(2)由於中小企業擔保難，資信不夠，抵押品種少，經營中抗風險能力弱，致使銀行在風險機制約束下不願涉足；(3)中小企業融資需求頻率高，時間短，增加了銀行的流動性管理困難；(4)中小企業為便於競爭不願公開太多的內部信息，造成銀行信用調查難，因而銀行往往將中小企業拒之門外。

4、中小企業融資風險的控制

對中小企業融資，一方面，由於抵押物和擔保品不足，融資風險本身較高；另一方面，逆向選擇加大了中小企業的融資風險。因此，對中小企業的融資風險要有深入的認識。

從風險控制看，中小企業融資風險可以分為道德風險和非道德風險。所謂道德風險，指中小企業利用自己的信息優勢損害投資者利益，從而導致的投資風險。所謂非道德風險，就是中小企業在經營活動中形成的風險，不同的中小企業經營目標取向和管理者才能有差異，風險收益也不會一樣。非道德風險是可以預測的，也是可以通過融資制度的設計去分散並控制的。

從銀行角度看，中小企業的道德風險較一般的大企業高，原因在於其貸款抵押物不足。其實，這只是由於符合銀行偏好的抵押物不足。除了資產，中小企業還有很多替代擔保品，如自有資本比率，企業自有資本比率越高，則其自身承擔的風險就越高，對項目風險控制就越嚴格。

二、中小企業間接融資風險的解決辦法

當前我國中小企業的狀況，主要有以下幾個特點：一是大部分企業沒有真正建立起現代企業制度，體制不順，機制不活，有的企業雖然進行了體制改革，但是名不符實；二是管理不規范，相當部分企業法人和管理人員素質有待提高。一些企業管理混亂，財務不實，報表失真，甚至依據不同的需要，隨心所欲地編制或提供種種虛假報表；三是整體經濟效益差，抗風險能力弱。主要是企業虧損面廣，有的虧損額大，同時，企業的資本金少，固定資產規模小，可供貸款擔保抵押的有效資產不足；四是資信狀況差，一方面企業信用等級普遍不高，可供銀行選擇的優良客戶不多，另一方面，部分企業信用意識淡薄，重貸輕還，隨意拖欠貸款本息，有的甚至惡意逃債、賴債、廢債，損壞了中小企業的形象，降低了中小企業的信用度。

在這種情況下，金融中介機構在發放貸款時必須控制風險，加強風險管理和流動性管理。

1、風險管理

⑴控制融資額度，不以融資需求為唯一標准。

中小企業間接融資的增加，意味著中小企業的經營風險向間接融資體系的轉移。因而，銀行等金融機構不能完全以中小企業融資需求作為決定貸款額度的唯一依據，而是要充分考慮到中小企業的自有資金狀況和經營狀況。一方面，可以根據中小企業生產經營中可以預見的收入流來估計其還貸水平並確定貸款額度；另一方面，銀行可以根據中小企業自有資金數量確定一個貸款上限，只要融資總量沒有超過自有資金的量，作為債權人的銀行就沒有承擔主要風險，對中小企業的融資約束就可以相對放鬆。

⑵ 採用替代性的擔保方式

抵押物不足和難以獲得信用擔保是中小企業融資的固有特徵，應該考慮以替代的方式解決擔保問題，這樣，既可以滿足銀行經營管理中風險控制的要求，又適應了中小企業的現實情況，以下是集中替代性的擔保方式：

① 變企業擔保為個人擔保。對於中小企業來說，由於其經營者和所有者在大多數情況下是統一的，因此將對企業的信貸轉化為對個人的信貸基本上是一致的。但對銀行的信貸管理則不同，個人信貸側重於考察顧客的品格、聲望、學歷水平、金融歷史記錄、收入流和負債能力等，擔保審查也比較寬松。從國外的金融實踐來看，此類轉變對激勵客戶還貸有積極作用，並有助於精簡貸款手續，提高銀行對融資需求的反應速度。

② 群體擔保。由於族群關系，社區關系的存在，中小企業及其經營者往往存在一個關系相對密切的種族、宗族群體。由這些群體為中小企業提供擔保，能有效減少監督成本甚至交易成本。這一方面是由於如果中小企業惡意逃債，而群體代位賠付，將導致中小企業及其經營者失去群體的支持，這是極其高昂的成本；另一方面，同一社區的成員常常十分了解各自的信用狀況，人們會對加入者的信用狀況做出謹慎選擇，往往有意識地排除信用不好的人，降低了銀行的篩選成本。

③ 強制儲蓄。有的金融機構要求其貸款申請者事前參加儲蓄計劃，定期存入一定現金，並且在貸款未清償前，不得退出儲蓄計劃，這實際是一種替代性的擔保措施。這類強制儲蓄措施在一定程度上也能起到督促還貸的作用。

④ 還貸激勵。在借款者及時歸還本息後會給予其一定的利息返還，以作為按時還本付息的鼓勵，這也有助於鼓勵中小企業的還貸行為，降低中小企業的貸款風險。

⑤ 利用政策性擔保體系。當中小企業符合政策扶持要求，需要融資，但擔保品不足時，政策性金融機構會為中小企業提供擔保，以保障中小企業得到商業性金融機構的融資。如果風險確實發生，類似於中小企業基金之類的擔保機構則會履行代位清償職能，清償商業銀行部分本金，並承擔追討欠款的相應職責，這也一定程度上保證了商業銀行資金的安全性。

⑶ 通過提供附加服務，增加收益。銀行為中小企業提供綜合性服務，一方面，可以擴大銀行的盈利來源，另一方面，可以提高中小企業的競爭力，從而降低銀行融資風險，增強銀行的盈利能力。

2、流動性管理

⑴ 根據實際服務對象設計不同的貸款方式

針對中小企業的融資特點，根據不同中小企業特殊的現金流狀況、支付頻率，為其設計特殊的貸款方式及還款方式。國外金融機構為中小企業推出了形式多樣的貸款方式，許多與消費信貸十分類似，這就滿足了中小企業的特殊的交易性的資金需求，同時也便於銀行進行流動性管理。

⑵ 通過強制儲蓄、再貸款等手段進行流動性管理

由於強制儲蓄是貸款量的等比例縮減，因此，可以減輕銀行等金融機構現金支出的波動性。通過向大型商業銀行再融資或者向中央銀行再貸款，商業銀行能進一步減輕中小企業融資需求的波動性給流動性管理帶來的困難。

(作者單位：平安信託有限公司 西南財經大學中國金融中心)

更多精彩評論，更多傳媒視點，更多傳媒人風采，盡在新浪財經新評談頻道，歡迎訪問新浪財經新評談頻道。

⑦ 企業融資外文文獻以及翻譯

[1] Perotti, E. Vesnaver, L. Enterprise finance and investment in listed Hungarian firms[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2004, 32(1): 73-87.
[2] Chen, G. Cole, J. The myths, facts, and theories of ethnic, small-scale enterprise financing[J]. The Review of Black Political Economy, 1988, 16(4): 111-123.

如果需要全文可以發郵件到[email protected]
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⑧ 籌資風險的英文翻譯是什麼

the risks of floatation of a loan

⑨ 股票籌資風險的英文摘要

The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.

1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.

2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.

3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.

(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.

3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.

The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release