A. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP誰幫忙用英文解釋下這幾個金融資格職業證書,(不要解釋是什麼的縮寫)
CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:
Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.
Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.
The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.
The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).
Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.
Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]
A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:
IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.
The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.
Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.
The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.
FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime
[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:
efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm』 senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms』 business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.
[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.
Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.
HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.
The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct
The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]
Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.
Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.
PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam
B. 理財是什麼意思
投資指的是特定經濟主體為了在未來可預見的時期內獲得收益或是資內金增值，在一定容時期內向一定領域的標的物投放足夠數額的資金或實物的貨幣等價物的經濟行為。合夥，就是兩人或者兩人以上的群體，發揮各自優勢，一同去做一些可以給其帶來經濟利益的事情。投資可分為實物投資、資本投資和證券投資。前者是以貨幣投入企業，通過生產經營活動取得一定利潤。後者是以貨幣購買企業發行的股票和公司債券，間接參與企業的利潤分配。合夥， 是指自然人、法人和其他組織依照《中華人民共和國合夥企業法》在中國境內設立的,由兩個或兩個以上的合夥人訂立合夥協議，為經營共同事業，共同出資、合夥經營、共享收益、共擔分險的營利性組織.其包括普通合夥企業和有限合夥企業。簡單來說，投資只是出錢，不參與公司的管理，從中獲利，而合夥是共同出資，合夥經營，分享利益。
C. 如何理財成為理財專家
先做一個理財規劃：理財規劃，也稱個人財務策劃，是指運用科學公正的財務分析程序對個人財務計劃、投資策略等進行合理的規劃與管理，以實現其長期理財和生活目標的專業個人理財服務。要明白理財的三個目的 1、避險：通貨膨脹的風險、失業的風險、疾病與意外傷害的風險、不可變風險與可變風險； 2、獲利：滿足家庭成員各層次的需求，如養老、子女入學、生活品質提升等； 3、增值：客戶的資產通過理財規劃，通過復利的形式，不斷創造新的價值，克服通貨膨脹對資產的侵蝕，創造比儲蓄優厚得多的收益。 理財的目的是達成人生的戰略目標 個人理財就是通過制定財務計劃對個人財務資源的適當管理，並通過不斷調整計劃實現人生目標，以達到財務自由和財務尊嚴的最高境界。但如今理財手段多種多樣，理財創新工具層出不窮，而不同生命階段的人對金融工具的需求又各不相同，從現金流管理到保險規劃，從投資規劃到稅收籌劃，從退休規劃到不動產規劃，理財規劃變得日益復雜，專業性極強。
一 抵禦通漲 二 儲蓄子女教育 三 儲蓄養老經費 養兒防老，是中國人幾千年認同的樸素真理。時至今日之中國，至少農村仍未擺脫這種局面。多數情況下，人們只能通過「養兒防老」這條不歸路。顯而易見，養兒防老是一種典型的私力救濟的方式，主要還是靠道德倫理來維系，雖然現在的法律方面有兒女贍養老人的義務，但實施起來卻不是那麼的容易，而且又受制於子女的健康、收入等因素，因此有很大的不確定性。 值得一提的是，特別在目前的「421」型的社會家庭結構中，從以前的多養少變成少養多局面，孩子的壓力顯然已非自己能力所能承擔的！ 其次，最不能控制的其他因素如孩子失業、能力大小等，都會導致養老靠兒子的目標處於一個極為不可控的位置，讓自己的優質年老生活成為空中樓閣，太可怕了！ 因此，對於養老這樣的剛性需求，與其依靠「養兒防老」這樣一個並不靠譜的來源，還不如積極調整好自己的理財規劃，提前做好自己養老的規劃，這才是上上之策！ 四 應對風險 以防萬一 大部分人談到理財的時候，都說要通過理財來為他的錢保值增值，理財確實是這樣的功能，但這只是表面效果，真正的價值卻不止這些。
保障生活避風險
我們面對的是一個瞬間萬變的世界，風險無處不在，時刻都有可能遭遇意外事件，但如果事先早做安排，就可以將意外事件帶來的經濟損失降到最低程度，從而達到規避風險的目的。
個人所面對的風險主要有兩類：一類是微觀風險，例如事業、疾病傷殘、意外死亡等；另一類是宏觀風險，例如通貨膨脹、金融風暴、政治動盪等。任何風險的發生都會給個人的財務安全乃至日常生活帶為巨大的沖擊，科學的理財安排，可以事先採取有針對性的防範措施，當風險來臨時，就不會驚慌失措。 走出理財的誤區 誤區一 理財是有錢人的事。錯。工薪家庭更需要理財，與有錢人相比，他們面臨更大的教育、養老、醫療、購房等現實壓力，更需要理財增長財富。 誤區二 有了理財就不用保險。錯。 保險的主要功能是保障，對於家庭而言，沒有保險的理財規劃是無本之木。 誤區三 投資操作「短、平、快」。錯。 不要以為短線頻繁操作一定掙錢多。 誤區四 盲目跟風，沖動購買。錯。在最熱門的時候進入，往往是最高價的投資，要理性投資，獨立思考，貨比三家。 誤區五 過度集中投資和過度分散投資。錯。前者無法分散風險，後者使投資追蹤困難，無法提高投資效率。誤區六，敢輸不敢贏。一漲就賣，越跌越不賣。錯。 用於理財的可投資品種主要包括兩類，金融類的投資品種主要有：儲蓄、證券、基金、保險、期貨、黃金、信託。非金融類的投資品種主要有：房地產、實業投資、拍賣、典當、收藏等。不同階段理財要點 專家將人生分為理財五階段： 單身期 2—5年，參加工作至結婚，收入較低花銷大，這時期的理財重點不在獲利而在積累經驗。理財建議：60%風險大、長期回報較高的股票、股票型基金或外匯、期貨等金融品種，30%定期儲蓄、債券或債券型基金等較安全的投資工具，10%活期儲蓄以備不時之需； 家庭形成期 1—5年，結婚生子，經濟收入增加生活穩定，重點合理安排家庭建設支出。理財建議：50%股票或成長型基金，35%債券、保險，15%活期儲蓄，保險可選繳費少的定期險、意外險、健康險； 子女教育期 20年，孩子教育、生活費用猛增。理財建議：40%股票或成長型基金，但需更多規避風險，40%存款或國債用於教育費用，10%保險，10%家庭緊急備用金； 家庭成熟期 15年，子女工作至本人退休，人生、收入高峰期，適合積累，重點可擴大投資。理財建議：50%股票或股票類基金，40%定期儲蓄、債券及保險，10%家庭緊急備用金。接近退休時用於風險投資的比例應減少，保險偏重養老、健康、重大疾病險，制訂合適的養老計劃； 退休期投資和消費都較保守，理財原則身體健康第一、財富第二，主要以穩健、安全、保值為目的。理財建議：10%股票或股票類基金，50%定期儲蓄、債券，40%活期儲蓄，資產較多者可合法避稅將資產轉移至下一代。
4321定律：家庭資產合理配置比例是家庭收入的40%用於供房及其他方面投資，30%用於家庭生活開支，20%用於銀行存款以備應急之需，10%用於保險。 72定律：不拿回利息利滾利存款，本金增值一倍所需要的時間等於72除以年收益率。比如，如果在銀行存10萬元，年利率是2%，每年利滾利，多少年能變20萬元？答案是36年。 80定律：股票占總資產的合理比重等於80減去年齡的得數添上一個百分號(%)。比如，30歲時股票可占總資產50%，50歲時則佔30%為宜。 家庭保險雙十定律：家庭保險設定的恰當額度應為家庭年收入的10倍，保費支出的恰當比重應為家庭年收入的10%。 房貸三一定律：每月房貸金額以不超過家庭當月總收入三分之一為宜。
積累財富出效益
理財還有投資增值的功能，很多人為了迴避風險，會把所有的積蓄放在銀行，這樣雖然可以保證本金的安全，卻是以犧牲回報率為代價的，不利於個人生活水平的提高。
另一些對風險態度比較積極的人，可能只考慮高回報而忽視潛在的風險，通過理財，我們可以採取正確的投資態度和方法，在每一個時期，使自己手中的金錢在風險可承受的范圍內產生最大的效益，更快地積蓄到實現各種目標的資金，並在需要資金的時候可以有充足的現金用於生活的需要。