國際金融英文ca

A. ACCA的考試難度如何，在中國的認可程度高嗎

2016年03月11日

點擊免費領取：ACCA學習資料大禮包
acca國內認可度高嗎？國外考ACCA和國內認可度一樣嗎？
acca國內認可度越來越高了，隨著ACCA在國內的普及以及國內引進外企的加速，越來越多外企紮根在國內，同時acca在國內的認可度也隨之越來越高了。
特別對於四大會計師事務所和外資企業的財務崗位來說，ACCA很重要。ACCA是你簡歷上的一個很重要的裝飾和敲門磚。即便你在一些民企，看到ACCA的證書也會對你肅然起敬。
由於現在的競爭很激烈，而人事在查閱那麼多人的簡歷的時候不可能看得很仔細，所以需要一兩個抓人眼球的。ACCA就是很好的敲門磚。只要你將要從事財務、金融這一塊，考出來是終生受用的，而且它的知識體系比較完整，不僅僅有會計課程，還有很多管理學方面的課。
那麼我們來看看ACCA全球其他地區的認可度情況又如何呢？
ACCA在歐洲地區認可度
1、英國及愛爾蘭共和國

ACCA專業資格得到英國及愛爾蘭共和國的法律認可(Companies Act 1989, Insolvency Act & Financial Services and Markets Act)，賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)在當地可以擔任法定審計、破產管理、及商業投資顧問的法定工作。
ACCA專業資格得到英國皇室授予的皇家特許(Royal Charter)銜頭。
特許公認會計師公會(ACCA)是英國及愛爾蘭會計職業團體咨詢委員會(CCAB)成員之一，其他成員是英格蘭及威爾士特許會計師協會(ICAEW)、蘇格蘭特許會計師協會(ICAS)、愛爾蘭特許會計師協會(ICAI)、英國特許管理會計師公會(CIMA)、及英國特許公共財務會計師公會(CIPFA)。凡是得到英國會計職業團體咨詢委員會(CCAB)成員會籍的專業會計師在英國及愛爾蘭當地是享有同等的專業地位，屬於英國及愛爾蘭當地的合資格會計師(Qualified Accountant)。
可是，在英國及愛爾蘭地區，只有特許公認會計師(ACCA)、英格蘭及威爾士特許會計師(ACA)、蘇格蘭特許會計師(CA)、及愛爾蘭特許會計師(CA)可以有權在當地擔任法定審計、破產管理、及商業投資顧問的法定工作。只要成為ACCA會員的5年後，以及符合一些特定條件，這樣便可以成為英格蘭及威爾士特許會計師協會會員(ACA)。ACCA專業資格得到英國及愛爾蘭地區認可為最少等同當地會計榮譽學士學位程度。
2、歐洲聯盟(EU)、歐洲經濟共同體(EEA)、及瑞士根據歐盟互認協定(Mutual Recognition Directive)，ACCA專業資格得到歐洲聯盟成員國、歐洲經濟共同體國家成員國、及瑞士的法律認可，賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)法定權力可以在當地執業。可是，可享有此歐盟互認協定的特許公認會計師(ACCA)就必須是歐洲聯盟成員國或歐洲經濟共同體成員國或瑞士其中一國的公民。 3、土耳其
ACCA與土耳其注冊會計師協會(The Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey)在2004年已經簽定認可協議，ACCA會員符合一些特定條件便可以成為土耳其注冊會計師(CPA)，土耳其注冊會計師則可以透過應考 ACCA專業資格中的部份考試科目便可以成為特許公認會計師(ACCA)。
4、其他
ACCA資格得到歐洲國家包括塞普勒斯、馬爾他、亞美尼亞及喬治亞的當地認可。與此同時，ACCA亦與這四個歐洲國家的當地會計師公會舉辦會計師聯合考試。
ACCA在美洲地區認可度
1、美國
ACCA與美國注冊會計師協會(AICPA)現正相討互認協議，希望最終達成兩會會員能夠互相成為對方公會會員。
美國科羅拉多州立會計師委員會(Colorado State Board of Accountancy)給予ACCA會員免除150學分和經驗要求，只要在考取美國統一注冊會計師考試(US Uniform CPA Examination)後便可以直接成為美國科羅拉多州(Colorado State)的注冊會計師(CPA)，之後可以直接拿取美國注冊會計師協會(AICPA)會員資格。
2、加拿大
ACCA資格得到加拿大政府認可，賦予法定權力可以為加拿大政府機構擔任法定審計工作。根據加拿大學術評估機構(World Ecation Services)的評審結果，ACCA專業資格最少是等同加拿大四年制會計學士學位程度。
2007年1月開始，ACCA與加拿大注冊會計師協會(CGA-CANADA)簽定了全球互認協議，兩會會員分別只要完成法律和稅務復習，便可以成為對方公會會員。 3、中美洲、南美洲及加勒比海地區
ACCA資格得到當地國家及地區包括牙買加、特立尼達和多巴哥、蓋亞那、巴貝多、巴哈馬、貝里斯、多米尼加聯邦、聖露西亞、英屬處女群島、英屬開曼群島、英屬百慕大及法屬蓋亞那的當地認可，直接賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)法定權力或透過與當地會計師公會認可從而可以在當地執業。
ACCA在大洋洲地區認可度
1、澳大利亞
根據澳大利亞法例Corporation Act 2001, section 1282 & Practice Statement 180 Auditor recognition，賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)在澳洲可以擔任法定審計和破產管理的法定工作。
ACCA專業資格得到澳大利亞當地認可為最少等同澳洲會計學士學位程度。ACCA會員只要加考澳洲稅務及法律兩個考試科目，便可以成為澳洲國立會計師協會會員(National Institute of Accountants)或澳洲專業國立會計師(PNA)。除此之外，ACCA會員亦可以直接參加澳洲特許會計師公會(ICAA)的特許會計師課程(CA Program)，這樣便可以成為澳洲特許會計師(CA)。
2、紐西蘭
根據紐西蘭法例Section 199 of the Companies Act 1993: Qualifications of Auditors，賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)在紐西蘭可以擔任法定審計的法定工作。根據特許公認會計師公會(ACCA)與紐西蘭特許會計師公會(NZICA)的**認可協定，只要ACCA會員符合一些特定條件，這樣便可以成為紐西蘭特許會計師(CA)。
ACCA在亞洲地區認可度
1、中國大陸
ACCA與中國注冊會計師協會(CICPA)現正相討互認協議，希望最終達成兩會會員能夠容易成為對方公會會員。透過外資不斷湧入中國及ACCA的國際影響力，ACCA資格在中國招聘市場得到廣泛僱主尤其是外資企業的高度認可。
2、香港
ACCA與香港會計師公會(HKICPA)簽定了互認協議，兩會會員分別只要能夠達成一些條件便可以成為對方公會會員。此外，透過歷史原因及ACCA的國際影響力，ACCA資格在香港招聘市場得到廣泛僱主的高度認可。
3、台灣
ACCA資格得到台灣政府認可，ACCA會員或特許公認會計師只要加考台灣會計師考試的部份科目，便可以成為台灣會計師(CPA)。
4、新加坡
ACCA與新加坡注冊會計師公會(ICPAS)簽定了互認協議及舉辦會計師聯合考試。透過與新加坡注冊會計師公會(ICPAS)的認可，從而賦予ACCA可以在新加坡當地執業。
5、馬來西亞
ACCA資格得到馬來西亞會計師協會(Malaysian Institute of Accountants)的認可，可以直接成為馬來西亞特許會計師(CA)。
6、巴基斯坦
特許公認會計師(ACCA)可以直接出任巴基斯坦上市公司的法定公司秘書(Qualified Company Secretary)職位。與此同時，ACCA會員只要加考巴基斯坦特許會計師公會(Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan)考試的部份科目，便可以成為巴基斯坦特許會計師(CA)。
7、其他
ACCA資格亦是得到中國澳門特別行政區、越南、汶萊、柬埔寨及寮國的當地認可，透過與當地會計師公會的認可從而賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)可以在當地執業。
ACCA在非洲地區認可度
1、南非
ACCA資格得到南非注冊會計師協會(Institute of Certified Public Accountants of South Africa)認可，可以直接成為南非注冊會計師。根據南非官方的資歷架構(National Qualifications Framework)，ACCA專業資格得到南非當地認可為等同南非碩士學位程度。
2、辛巴威
ACCA是辛巴威的公共會計及審計委員會(PAAB)成員之一，在當地享有制定及修改當地會計及審計相關的法例，以及直接賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)法定權力可以在當地執業。
3、其他

ACCA資格亦是得到非洲國家包括埃及、波札那、衣索比亞、賴索托、馬拉維、獅子山、史瓦濟蘭、尚比亞、模里西斯、尼日利亞的當地認可，透過與當地會計師公會的認可從而賦予特許公認會計師(ACCA)可以在當地執業。

本文由國內**的ACCA培訓機構高頓財經整理

B. 國際金融開放經濟的CA曲線左側順差右側逆差怎麼理解

出口大於進口，叫順差 反之叫逆差

C. 國際金融的問題:解釋CA=NIIP-NIIP-1的含義

一國對外資產與負債來相源抵而得到凈值就是凈國際投資頭寸，用NIIP表示，經常賬戶為出口與進口的差額(NFP=0時),由NIIP的含義知,一國某一時期內的經常帳戶的余額,即為本期NIIP相對上期NIIP的變化,即:CA= NIIP-NIIP-1

D. 各國的貨幣叫什麼

1、美元

美元（United States dollar 貨幣縮寫：USD；ISO 4217貨幣代碼：USD；符號：USA$）是美利堅合眾國的法定貨幣。目前流通的美元紙幣是自1929年以來發行的各版鈔票。

美元的發行主管部門是國會，具體發行業務由聯邦儲備銀行負責辦理。在二戰以後，歐洲大陸國家與美國達成協議同意使用美元進行國際支付，此後美元作為儲備貨幣在美國以外的國家廣泛使用並最終成為國際貨幣。

2、歐元

歐元（Euro）是歐盟中19個國家的貨幣。歐元的19會員國是德國、法國、義大利、荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡、愛爾蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙、奧地利、芬蘭、立陶宛、拉脫維亞、愛沙尼亞、斯洛伐克、斯洛維尼亞、希臘、馬爾他、塞普勒斯。

1999年1月1日在實行歐元的歐盟國家中實行統一貨幣政策（Single Monetary Act），2002年7月歐元成為歐元區唯一合法貨幣。

3、英鎊

英鎊（Pound）是英國國家貨幣和貨幣單位名稱。英鎊主要由英格蘭銀行發行，但亦有其他發行機構。最常用於表示英鎊的符號是£。國際標准化組織為英鎊取的ISO 4217貨幣代碼為GBP 。除了英國，英國海外領地的貨幣也以鎊作為單位，與英鎊的匯率固定為1:1。

由於英國是世界最早實行工業化的國家，曾在國際金融業中占統治地位，英鎊曾是國際結算業務中的計價結算使用最廣泛的貨幣。一戰和二戰以後，英國經濟地位不斷下降，但由於歷史的原因，英國金融業還很發達，英鎊在外匯交易結算中還佔有非常高的地位。英鎊上印有具有貢獻的人物及皇室。

4、澳大利亞元

澳大利亞元（英語：Australian Dollar，簡寫A$或AUD）是澳大利亞的貨幣單位。澳大利亞元在外匯市場上，目前為交易量世界第五大的流通貨幣：居美元、歐元、日元、英鎊之後，占總交易量的6%。2010年，澳大利亞元正式取代瑞士法郎的國際地位，成為全球第五大流通貨幣。

5、加拿大元

加拿大元的簡稱符號C$。是加拿大的官方貨幣。現行的加拿大紙幣有5、10、20、50、100元5種面額。另有1元，2元和5、10、25分鑄幣。

加拿大銀行（Bank of Canada/ Banque Canada) 創建於1934年，是加拿大的中央銀行。加拿大銀行負責加拿大的貨幣發行。

6、瑞士法郎

瑞士法郎（Swiss Franc）是瑞士和列支敦斯登的法定貨幣，由瑞士的中央銀行發行。瑞士法郎是一種硬通貨。瑞士的大部分鄰國使用歐元。瑞士境內亦有商鋪、機構通行歐元。2015年01月15日起瑞士法郎與歐元脫鉤。已經發行了1000, 200, 100, 50,20和10瑞士法郎紙幣。貨幣代碼：CHF。

7、日元

日元（日語：円，日語羅馬音：en，英文：Yen），其紙幣稱為日本銀行券，是日本的法定貨幣，日元也經常在美元和歐元之後被當作儲備貨幣。

日元是日本的貨幣單位名稱，創設於1871年5月1日。1897年日本確立金本位制，含金量定為0.75克，1953年5月含金量宣布為0.00246853克，1988年3月31日徹底廢除金本位制度。

8、新加坡元

新加坡元是新加坡的法定貨幣，以S$標記。一元可被細分為10角（也稱為「毛」）或者100分（cent）。新加坡元可分為紙幣和硬幣，從2004年起開始發行2元，5元及10元塑膠鈔票。

1965年8月9日新加坡被迫退出馬來西亞聯邦宣告獨立，12月22日成立共和國，但仍使用馬來亞與英屬婆㑩洲元。1967年，英鎊貶值，原「馬來亞與英屬婆㑩洲貨幣委員會」停止發行馬來亞與英屬婆㑩洲元，新加坡於同一年開始發行自己的鈔票「新加坡元」，至今共發行四套鈔票。

7、挪威克朗

挪威克朗是北歐貨幣聯盟的產物。挪威克朗是挪威王國的貨幣名稱，由挪威銀行發行。1克朗等於100歐爾（Ore）。流通的有1000、500、200、100、50面額的鈔票，及20、10、5、1克朗和50、25、10、5、1歐爾的鑄幣。

經中國央行授權，自2016年12月12日起銀行間外匯市場開展人民幣對匈牙利福林、丹麥克朗、波蘭茲羅提、墨西哥比索、瑞典克朗、土耳其里拉、挪威克朗直接交易。

10、瑞典克朗

瑞典克朗，ISO 4217代碼SEK ，1668年，在瑞典成立，瑞典國家標准銀行」（「國家銀行」）發行。該行於1755年開始印製紙幣，幣面印著「仿冒者將處以死刑」的警告。瑞典克朗實行浮動制，從未參加歐洲貨幣體系。2012年，瑞典克朗作為諾貝爾獎金發放。

經中國央行授權，自2016年12月12日起銀行間外匯市場開展人民幣對匈牙利福林、丹麥克朗、波蘭茲羅提、墨西哥比索、瑞典克朗、土耳其里拉、挪威克朗直接交易。

E. 國際金融Y-(C+ I +G)=CA中Y的含義

國內生產總值等於消費、投資、政府投資以及貿易收支的和。

F. 求國際貿易中常見的英文縮寫````盡量多```3Q

BOC Bills for collection 托收單據

THC 碼頭操作費（香港收取） Terminal Handling Charges

CLC CONTAINER LOADING CHARGE 裝箱,板費

HDC Handling Charge 代理費

TMC： TERMINAL CHARGE 終點站回費
TRC ：TRANSIT CHARGE 轉運費
TTC ：TOTAL COLLECT 到付總額

OFT Ocean Freight 海運答費

DMF DEST.MODIFIED FEE 更改目的港
希望採納

G. ACCA,CISA,FSA,CFA,CFP,PMP誰幫忙用英文解釋下這幾個金融資格職業證書,(不要解釋是什麼的縮寫)

CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。
The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:

Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an indivials' competency in concting information system audits.
Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs.

Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development.

The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA designation.

The CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD 8570.01-M).

Requirements
Candidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional ecation.

Substitutions and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]

A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience.
60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience.
Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (e.g., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience.

[edit] Examination
The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:

IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam
IT Governance - 15% of Exam
Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam
IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam
Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam
The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and December.
The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the world.

The ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).

The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Kingdom.

Since Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, indivials who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to inspections.

The Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since 1996.

FSA is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services instry in the United Kingdom.
The Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:
market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system
public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system;
consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and
rection of financial crime: recing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime

[edit] Regulatory principles
The statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:

efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way.
role of management: a firm』 senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms』 business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled.
proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the instry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets.
innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unly restrict market participants from launching new financial procts and services.
international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively.
competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition.

[edit] Accountability and management
The FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory services.

Its regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal.

HM Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular activities.

The FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address indivial consumer complaints.

Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member es, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conct

The Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet ecation, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at http://www.fpsb.org/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84&Itemid=110 for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective websites.
The CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]

Indivials holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the ecation requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge status.

Project Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the instry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as NASA.

PMP (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:
1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam
2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam
3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam
4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam

H. 國際金融的問題：解釋一下 CA=S-Id （經常賬戶余額=國內儲蓄-對內投資）

經常項目差額的宏觀經濟含義
CA=If
S=Id+If
If =S- Id
CA= S-Id
Y=C+Id+G+X-M
E=C+ Id +G
Y=E+(X-M)
CA= X-M=Y-E
CA= If= S- Id=Y-E
根據這些等式,如果一國經常項目順差,則意味著該國對外投資凈額是正的(即該國是其他國家的凈貸款供給國或投資國);該國的儲蓄大於國內投資;該國的產出(收入)高於其對商品和勞務的支出(即吸收).相反,若一國經常項目存在逆差,則意味著該國是凈對外借款國,該國國內儲蓄少於投資,支出超過產出(或收入).
國際收支總差額的宏觀經濟含義
如果一國總差額順差,就意味著該國官方儲備資產增加或者外國作為官方儲備持有該國的資產減少;相反,如果一國總差額逆差,就意味著該國官方儲備資產減少或者外國作為官方儲備持有該國的資產增加.官方儲備是一國基礎貨幣或高能貨幣的組成部分,它的變化會對許多宏觀經濟變數,如貨幣供給量,匯率,利率,私人金融資本的流動,國內資本形成,國內生產以及商品和勞務的進出口等產生重要影響.
在開放經濟條件下,一國的貨幣供給(Ms)包括兩個部分:國內創造部分(D)和來自國外部分(R).國內創造部分就是通過本國銀行體系所創造的貨幣;來自國外部分是指經過國際收支獲得的盈餘(國際儲備)所創造的貨幣.外國貨幣會轉化為本國國際儲備,形成高能貨幣.由於國際收支總差額意味著官方儲備的增減,所以它的變動就會對一國的貨幣供給量產生重要的影響.國際收支總差額實際上可以看作是與貨幣供求相聯系的一種貨幣現象,它是一國貨幣供給的自動調節機制.通過貨幣供給量的變動,國際收支總差額又會進一步對其他的宏觀經濟變數如匯率,利率,私人資本的流動,國內投資,生產以及進出口等產生重要的影響.

I. 國際金融學中CA和I中是不是有雙重意義

1、經常項目差額的宏觀經濟含義
CA=If
S=Id+If
If =S- Id
CA= S-Id
Y=C+Id+G+X-M
E=C+ Id +G
Y=E+(X-M)
CA= X-M=Y-E
CA= If= S- Id=Y-E
根據這些等式,如果一國經常項目順差,則意味著該國對外投資凈額是正的(即該國是其他國家的凈貸款供給國或投資國);該國的儲蓄大於國內投資;該國的產出(收入)高於其對商品和勞務的支出(即吸收).相反,若一國經常項目存在逆差,則意味著該國是凈對外借款國,該國國內儲蓄少於投資,支出超過產出(或收入).
2、國際收支總差額的宏觀經濟含義
如果一國總差額順差,就意味著該國官方儲備資產增加或者外國作為官方儲備持有該國的資產減少;相反,如果一國總差額逆差,就意味著該國官方儲備資產減少或者外國作為官方儲備持有該國的資產增加.官方儲備是一國基礎貨幣或高能貨幣的組成部分,它的變化會對許多宏觀經濟變數,如貨幣供給量,匯率,利率,私人金融資本的流動,國內資本形成,國內生產以及商品和勞務的進出口等產生重要影響.
3、在開放經濟條件下,一國的貨幣供給(Ms)包括兩個部分:國內創造部分(D)和來自國外部分(R).國內創造部分就是通過本國銀行體系所創造的貨幣;來自國外部分是指經過國際收支獲得的盈餘(國際儲備)所創造的貨幣.外國貨幣會轉化為本國國際儲備,形成高能貨幣.由於國際收支總差額意味著官方儲備的增減,所以它的變動就會對一國的貨幣供給量產生重要的影響.
4、國際收支總差額實際上可以看作是與貨幣供求相聯系的一種貨幣現象,它是一國貨幣供給的自動調節機制.通過貨幣供給量的變動,國際收支總差額又會進一步對其他的宏觀經濟變數如匯率,利率,私人資本的流動,國內投資,生產以及進出口等產生重要的影響.